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^eft 7 

STUDY OF THE 

CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


STATEMENT 


ARTHUR MACDONALD 

Honorary President of the Third International Congress 
of Criminal Anthropology of Europe 


BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND 
LABOR, UNITED STATES SENATE 


IN SUPPORT OF THE BILL (S. 3066) TO ESTABLISH 
A LABORATORY FOR THE STUDY OF THE CRIMI¬ 
NAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1908 







> 




MAR 2 is* 
0. or 0. 


—» 



( * 
• t ( 











C t 5 


CONTENTS OF STATEMENT. 


Page. 

Statement of Senator Dolliver, chairman of the committee. 5 

Bill. 5 

Statement of Arthur MacDonald: 

General considerations of purpose of bill. 5 

Summary of indorsements of plan of work in bill. 5 

Some objects of bill. 6 

One plan of work in bill. 8 

Sociology not a science. 8 

Instruments of precision. 9 

Unruly boys. 10 

Educational side of bill.... 10 

Some practical results of bill. 11 

I.—Study of juvenile criminals. 12 

Some physical defects of 65 young criminals; study of 200 chil¬ 
dren from 6 to 12 years of age in a reformatory; a criminal-born 

child. 12 

II.—Decay of family life and increase of child crime. 16 

Causes; large families favorable; idea of struggle for existence un¬ 
favorable; city life. unfavorable; parents who get rid of their 
children; ages 12 to 14 a critical time; most children can be 
saved; defective parentage; changes in family life; school can 
not supplant family life; efforts of the State; crime should be 
attacked by its roots; short sentences unfavorable; injury of pub¬ 
licity; education and crime; moral education. 17-20 

III. —Reform of juvenile criminals. 21 

Value of saving one child; sin of modern times; children should 
not be left to themselves; two classes in moral danger; signs sug¬ 
gesting viciousness; cynical children; signs suggesting sincerity; 
cases of improvement or reform; improvement through English 
reformatories; two cases with hereditary taint; improved by 
reformatory; reformed boy two years’ life in reformatory; saved 
by reformatory; two vagabonds reformed by family mountain 
life; hopeless cases, incapable of reformation ; girl, moral degen¬ 
erate; relapses into old ways; boy with hereditary taint; degen¬ 
erate girl with bad parentage; impulse to run about prevents 
reformation; vagabond nature too strong; prison companionship 
caused relapse; bold robber; children needing protection; some 
methods of reform; protection of child before birth; protection 
in early life; school life; juvenile criminals; Lombroso’smethod.. 21-29 

IV. —Reform of wayward youth. 29 

Every child has the right to a proper bringing up; results of expe¬ 
rience; the industrial school; few boys seem determined to go 
wrong; the industrial school at home; how to treat a boy; methods 
simple; unhealthy homes; boys desire attention; the boy’s en¬ 
tree, discipline, education, diversion, employment; the library; 
music; the manner of discipline; the child with no chance; 
power of habit; military drill; value of a good home; reformatory 
a business economy; reformatory discipline; moral training and 
education; causes of juvenile delinquency; parole from institu¬ 
tions; the critical time; some released too soon; the girls’indus¬ 
trial school; most girls readily respond to good treatment; meth¬ 
ods of reformation of girls; suggestions to employers of girls on 

parole. 29-42 

V.—Unruly, vagabond, and criminal children. 43 


3 






















4 


CONTENTS. 


YI.—A reformatory as a laboratory. 47 

Study of humanity; defective family life; families of 385 young 
criminals; moral condition of the families; drunkenness and lazi¬ 
ness of parents; some sociological 1 condition of families; moral 
conditions in the family; cruel family conditions; childhood 
yields more easily to evil than good; an undesirable experiment; 
classification according to age; conduct of inmates; education of 
the inmates; education and crime; divisions of crime; length of 

sentence; general conclusion. 47 

VII.—Statistics of child suicide. 53 

France, England, Russia; causes of child suicide special; boys and 
girls compared; ages of most suicides from 11 to 15; causes of sui¬ 
cide; method of suicide. 53 

VIII.—Statistics of juvenile crime. 58 

Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Great Britain, Canada, 

Argentina, British India, Japan, United States. 58 

IX.—Reformatory statistics. 71 

Alabama Boys’ Industrial School; Whittier State School (Califor¬ 
nia); Connecticut School for Boys; Illinois State Reformatory; 
Indiana Boys’ School; Indiana Industrial School; Iowa Indus¬ 
trial schools; Louisville Industrial School; State industrial 
School for Boys (Kansas); State School for Boys (Maine); Ly¬ 
man School for Boys (Massachusetts); State Industrial School 
(Massachusetts); Industrial School for Boys (Michigan); Indus¬ 
trial Home for Girls (Michigan); New Jersey State Home for 
Boys; New York State Reformatory at Elmira; New York Cath¬ 
olic Protectory; New York Juvenile Asylum; New York Train¬ 
ing School for Girls; Boys’ Industrial School (Ohio); Pennsyl¬ 
vania Reform School; House of Refuge (Pennsylvania); Sock- 
anosset School for Boys (Rhode Island); Vermont Industrial 
School; West Virginia Reform School; Wisconsin Industrial 
School for Boys; Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls. 71 










Friday, February 21 , 1908. 

The committee met at 10.30 a. m. 

The Chairman (Senator Dolliver). This is a hearing on the bill 
(S. 3066) to establish a laboratory for the study of the criminal, 
pauper, and defective classes. The bill was introduced by me and 
referred to this committee. The text of the bill may be incorporated 
in the record. 

The bill is as follows: 

Be it enacted , etc., That there shall be established in the Department of the Interior 
a laboratory for the study of the abnormal classes, and the work shall include not only 
laboratory investigations, but also the collection of sociological and pathological data, 
especially such as may be found in institutions for the criminal, pauper, and defective 
classes, and generally in hospitals and other institutions. Said laboratory and work 
shall be in charge of a director, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive a salary of $3,000 per annum. 
He shall make a report once a year, directed to the Secretary of the Interior, which, 
with the approval of that officer, shall be published. For the aid of the director there 
shall be one psychologist, at $2,000; one translator, at $1,200; one stenographer and 
typewriter, at $1,000. For the proper equipment of and carrying on the work of said 
laboratory and the rental, if necessary, of suitable rooms therefor, there is hereby 
appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum 
of $5,000, or so much thereof as may be required. 

The Chairman. You will proceed, Doctor MacDonald, with any 
statement you desire to submit to the committee. 

Doctor MacDonald. The main purpose of the bill is the study of 
the causes of crime, pauperism, and other social evils, and especially 
of crime, by the best methods known to science and sociology, with 
the idea of preventing or lessening such evils. 

This method has been indorsed by the representatives of the 
medical, legal, and other professions of our country, consisting of 
some ninety learned bodies in science, law, and religion, who for the 
last four or five years have been asking Congress for the enactment 
of the bill into a law. 

I mention these indorsements, because it can not be expected, 
as the phases of the bill go into different specialties in medicine and 
science, that a Senator or Representative can give sufficient time 
to pass an opinion upon all of them without depending upon authority. 
For the reason that this bill especially treats of the latest phases 
of different sciences I have asked the opinion of specialists who 
deal first-hand with the matter. I have the original papers here, 
or most v of them, of associations which have passed resolutions 
incorporated in the bill. 

The Chairman. You will have leave to print them in connection 
with your statement, Doctor. 

Doctor MacDonald. Thank you. 

The Chairman. Hand them to the reporter. 

A resume of the matter referred to is as follows: 

SUMMARY OF INDORSEMENTS OF PLAN OF WORK INCORPORATED IN BILL. 

These indorsements are not merely formal, but committees were 
appointed to examine the work and report to their associations 
resolutions, with the result that the work has received scientific, 

5 


6 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


medical, legal, and religious support of highest rank. This will be 
seen from the following: 

INDORSEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS. 

“V® Congres International d ’Anthropologie Criminelle,” consisting of leading uni¬ 
versity specialists in Europe. 

The Pedagogical Society of the University of Moscow. 

The Anthropological Society of Bombay, India. 

The Medico-Legal Society of New York. 

Six national medical societies: 

The American Medical Association. 

The Association of American Medical Editors. 

American Medico-Psychological Association. 

The Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety. 

The American Laryngological Society. 

The American Electro-Therapeutic Society. 

Twenty-five State medical societies: Connecticut, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, 
Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Medical Society of the Missouri Valley, 
Mississippi Valley Medical Association, New England Psychological Society of Alien¬ 
ists, New England Hospital Society, Medical Association of Central New York, North 
Dakota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Sea-Board Medical Association, Texas, Tri-State 
Medical Society of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, 
Wisconsin, and District of Columbia. 

LEGAL ASSOCIATIONS INDORSING WORK. 

The American Bar Association, the most representative body of the legal profession 
in the United States. 

Four State bar (Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico) and three City bar asso¬ 
ciations (Indianapolis, Lancaster, Murfreesboro). 

RELIGIOUS AND OTHER ASSOCIATIONS INDORSING WORK. 

Twenty-five presbyteries in California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, New York, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, Washington, and Washington City, D. C. 

Three State (Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York) and one district Universalist 
conventions. 

One State (Minnesota) and three district (Massachusetts) Unitarian associations. 

One Reform Church classis, three Baptist and other religious and charitable 
associations. 

Two State Conferences of Congregational Churches (Rhode Island and Maine) and 
three State Dioceses (Michigan, Central Pennsylvania, and North Carolina). 

INDORSEMENTS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SPECIALISTS. 

Fifty-five American and twenty European specialists have written personal letters 
indorsing work. Most of these specialists are university professors. The others are 
engaged on the practical side of the work. 

Two legations, two governors, and two mayors have recommended 
the plan to their respective governments or legislative bodies. Bills 
have been introduced in the legislatures of New Zealand, New York 
State (passing the senate), Missouri, and Oregon. A bill was re¬ 
ported favorably by the Judiciary Committees of both Houses of 
Congress. Seven Government publications have been issued on the 
subject. Yet no bill has become law, except perhaps in New Zea¬ 
land. Thus in a new line of investigation, even in. these modern 
times, special difficulties in the way of ignorance, misinterpretation, 
and prejudice are met with. 

SOME OBJECTS OF BILL. 

Doctor MacDonald. Some of the objects of a study, as indicated 
in the bill, are first to gain trustworthy knowledge of the subject, 
which we have not as yet obtained. That is probably a most important 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 7 

stage. This special knowledge will enable men to treat criminals in a 
more reasonable way and develop what is called prison discipline. 

Then, another thing, if we have knowledge of these criminals, and 
by knowledge I mean sociological and scientific and everything to do 
with them, their history and their conduct in prison, we may be able 
to distinguish between the habitual criminal and the occasional 
criminal. There are a certain number, how large no one knows, of 
men who under normal or average conditions are almost sure to go 
wrong. If those men have physical characteristics or mental pecul¬ 
iarities that are more common to them than to prisoners in general, 
that would be very important to know, because then we would have 
some tangible, definite sign of habitual crime. 

Then, another object of the bill is to combine the results gathered 
by the States and by the cities, their statistics, their court records, 
reports of prisons, reformatories, and other institutions for the 
abnormal, to put them into shape and summarize and publish them. 
This could be done best by the Federal Government. 

The bill may be said to be fundamental, as distinguished from other 
methods of lessening or preventing social evils. Most of these methods 
are what I would call palliative or alleviative. The alleviation of 
suffering does not remove the cause. By this measure the attempt 
is to get the best methods possible which different specialists recom¬ 
mend. 

Large sums of money are being contributed for palliative measures, 
yet crime and pauperism are increasing in proportion to the popu¬ 
lation, showing that such measures (almost the only ones) do not 
lessen these evils. It is not intended here to criticise in the least 
any effort to alleviate suffering, but such alleviation is usually tem¬ 
porary and may even increase the disease. The investigation of 
causes is therefore imperative, and this can not be done without 
scientific study of the individuals themselves. It is due time that 
such study receive help. 

One of the indirect objects of the bill is that by an investigation 
of the causes of crime we are necessitated to study thoroughly 
human beings called criminals, and indirectly the results may be 
important to all humanity. Such study is proper because these 
human beings are supported by the Government, and there is 
nothing to harm them though it be an inquisitive study of men in 
prison. 

But probably the most important phase of the subject at first is 
the study of children, and that is with the idea, of course, of the pre¬ 
vention of crime. For instance, it is found in reformatories that 
there are certain children whom we know to be habitually criminals. 
We know it as a fact from their repeated acts. If it be found that 
these children are physically different from other children or nerv¬ 
ously different, that would be important knowledge, because we 
might find those characteristics in children who are unruly, and 
from the medical examination of children in the schools it might be 
found that certain ones had physical or mental characteristics that 
were general among the habitual young criminals. 

The main question is always asked of a new line of work like this, 
What are the practical results? In a new line of work no one can 
tell in advance the practical results, but every method in science 
that studies the causes and finds the truth about anything is in the 


8 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


end practical. That is an axiom of science. It may not always 
be immediately practical, but any truth, for instance, about boys 
who go wrong may contribute to other facts that are subsequently 
established, and give us knowledge which is practical upon the 
subject. 

ONE PLAN OF WORK IN BILL. 

I might give as an illustration something of a practical idea or 
plan of work, as follows: To study 1,000 boys in industrial schools, 
ages from 6 to 15; 1,000 boys in reformatories, ages from 15 to 30; 
this investigation to consist in a physical, mental, moral, anthro¬ 
pological, social, and medico-social study of each boy, including such 
data as are deemed most important from these several points of view. 
I estimate that such a study would cost $2 for each boy. The gen¬ 
eral plan would be to employ specialists in psychology, medicine, 
and anthropology, the work of the director being in the main to con¬ 
duct the plan and give the results and their import. Just what data 
would be taken would depend, in part, on the views of each specialist, 
but probably among these would be: Age, date of birth, height, 
weight, sitting height, color of hair, eyes, skin, first born, second 
born, or later born, strength of hand grasp, left handed; length, 
width, and circumference of head; distance between zygomatic arches, 
corners of eyes; length and width of ears, hands, and mouth; thick¬ 
ness of lips; measurements of sensibility to heat and pain; examin¬ 
ation of lungs, eyes, pulse, and respiration; nationality, occupation, 
education, and social condition of parents; whether one or both are 
dead or drunkards; stepchildren or not; hereditary taint; stigmata of 
degeneration. All data gathered by the institutions as history and 
conduct of inmates might be utilized. 

By such study the causes of juvenile crime might be more defi¬ 
nitely determined; also the differences between occasional and habit¬ 
ual criminals. As probably three-fourths of inmates are normal, 
many of the conclusions would apply to boys in general. One idea 
also is to study a small number more thoroughly rather than a larger 
number less minutely, so that unforeseen errors may be less costly. 
Such a pioneer and preliminary inquiry might also suggest better 
methods for the study of larger numbers and constitute a much- 
needed propaedeutic. 

Much work also could be done, not only in original research, but 
in giving the results of recent investigations by university specialists 
in foreign countries. Such work would be opportune before giving 
the results of this research in the same field. 

Now, if we had a book published on, say, 10,000 boys, with the 
above different items, physical, mental, and moral, it would be most 
valuable. It would give just the facts, and anyone could make his 
own conclusions. It would be a most valuable book on human beings 
as well as on the boys in question. 

SOCIOLOGY NOT A SCIENCE. 

We have all sorts of theories in criminology, and there are few, if 
any, definite conclusions, and there never will be until we begin a 
scientific study of individuals. The same is true in sociology, of 
which criminology is a branch. It is not a science. We see it spoken 
of as a science, but it is only a science by courtesy. I have repeat- 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


9 


edly published, without contradiction, that sociology is not yet a sci¬ 
ence, no more than psychology. As in the latter, the study of abnor¬ 
mal states of mind, has thrown much light on normal mentality, so 
patho-social investigation may contribute to sociology as a whole. 
In my humble opinion, there can be no science of the social organism 
until individuals (its units) are studied thoroughly, as well as their 
environment, and the larger the number the more valuable the results 

There can not be any rational treatment of a social or a moral 
disease without knowing its causes; that is, a treatment that will 
permanently lessen such disease. 

If we find that we can not know the causes, that itself is something 
to know. If certain cases are beyond doing anything for them, it is 
important to know it and not waste our time. So, if the knowledge 
be negative, it might be just as valuable as though it were positive. 

INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION. 

I will show you these instruments [exhibiting] as illustrations. 
Here is an instrument to measure [exhibiting] the strength of grasp. 
We find that a murderer, as a rule, is stronger in his grasp than a thief. 

The Chairman. That has been known for a long time. 

Doctor MacDonald. Yes; that has been known; but still there are 
a lot of things which we know in a general way that have not been 
demonstrated. 

Then this instrument [exhibiting] is to measure the head. The 
head is the most important part; that is, a defect in the head means 
more than a defect in the extremities, because the head contains the 
brain. But there is hardly anything yet established about the head, 
as to its shape, as necessarily connected with anything mental. One 
reason is that the subject has not been studied sufficiently; that is, 
in a large enough number of cases. Of course in a study of the 
criminal the study of the head would be an important thing. We 
might find out something from the study and we might not, but we 
would want to know whether it does have anything to do with crime 
or not. As I said, such negative knowledge would be as valuable as 
the positive. 

Here is another instrument [exhibiting], one of my own design, for 
measuring pain, a temporal algometer. Culture and all modern 
civilization seem to increase the sensibility to pain. I studied about 
2,000 people with this instrument. 

In using this algometer it is held in the right hand by the experi¬ 
menter, who stands back of the subject and presses the disk against 
the right temporal muscle, and then he moves in front of the subject, 
where he can conveniently press the disk against the left temporal 
muscle. These muscles are preferred, because no trade or profession 
materially affects them. They are also conveniently situated. 

As soon as the subject feels the pressure to be in the least disagree¬ 
able the amount of pressure is read by observing the marker on the 
scale. The subject sometimes hesitates to say just when the pressure 
becomes in the least disagreeable, but this is part of the experiment. 
The purpose is to approximate as near as possible to the threshold 
of pain. 

I found, for instance, that girls in private schools, who are generally 
of wealthy parents, are much more sensitive to pain than girls in the 
public schools. It would appear that refinements and luxuries tend 


10 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


to increase sensitiveness to pain. The- hardihood which the great 
majority must experience seems advantageous. This also accords 
with my previous measurements, that the nonlaboring (professional 
and mercantile) classes are more sensitive to pain than the laboring 
classes. 

Girls in the public schools are more sensitive at all ages than boys. 
This agrees with the results of previous measurements that women 
are more sensitive to pain than men. But this does not necessarily 
refer to endurance of pain. 

In criminals a great many, especially brutal ones, do not seem to 
feel anything. 

UNRULY BOYS. 

The bad boy in school or the boy that the children are afraid of is 
often very obtuse to pain. When he hits another boy it does not hurt 
him to be hit that way, and he does not see why it hurts the other boy. 

But, as I said, the subject is just in its infancy. If we could find 
out anything definite about these boys, about the unruly boys, for 
instance, in school and the boys in the reformatories, they could be 
treated just as a person with weak lungs is treated. His parents 
could be informed in a private way as to the tendencies indicated, 
that they may be very careful with him in certain ways and protect 
him in advance. 

The Chairman. Teachers could use the same information? 

Doctor MacDonald. They could use the same information, but it 
should be obtained in a proper way and used as confidential matter. 
It is a question as to what can be done in a proper way. The parents 
should know the boy has a tendency to theft or cruelty or brutality 
or any bad trait It might be indicated before the boy became con¬ 
scious of it, and that would be knowledge which would be very 
important for the parents. The only way to get that knowledge is by 
an actual study of the boy. On the other hand, if these physical 
signs do not have any significance, it is very important to know it. 

EDUCATIONAL SIDE OF BILL. 

One aim of the work incorporated in this bill is educational, its pur¬ 
pose being to lessen or prevent crime, pauperism, degeneracy, etc., by 
the teaching of mental, moral, and physical habits, especially to the 
young, that they may be better protected and prevented from going 
wrong, through spreading such knowledge among teachers, professors, 
and the general public as may assist toward accomplishing the above 
educational end. For the prison should be a reformatory and the 
reformatory a school. The principal object of both should be to 
teach good mental, moral, and physical habits. Both should be dis¬ 
tinctly educational. 

While, as stated, the prevention of crime, pauperism, degeneracy, 
etc., is educational, the method of procedure must be first the study of 
causes. Sound pathology, sound medicine, is as true in educational 
therapeutics as in medical therapeutics. 

Moral or reformatory education is the most important, yet most 
neglected side of education. It is in its beginning, but this should not 
detract from its merit. 

I desire to say, in my humble opinion, that any education or teach¬ 
ing which develops the mind without equally developing the moral 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 11 

impulses may become a dangerous education, for where the recipient 
goes wrong, he is a more astute enemy of society and can do more 
evil than a thousand citizens can do good. If, as some claim,we 
must emancipate the mind and liberalize the spirit, we must be all the 
more solicitous as to moral education; for the old religious ideals are 
almost inseparably connected with moral ideals, and an effort to sep¬ 
arate them may be a reform in the wrong direction. Antireligious 
intolerance is not only worse, but more injurious than religious intol¬ 
erance. 

SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS. 

If the investigator seeking the cause of cholera had been required 
to state in advance whether he could lessen or cure cholera or not, after 
he ,had found its cause, and had been refused aid because such an un¬ 
certain work was deemed impracticable, cholera might have been 
continuing its ravages up to the present time. 

Although no cure has been found, yet the knowledge gained from 
the study of the cause of this disease has enabled science to prevent 
it to such an extent that it is now feared no more. To insist on this 
practical-result requirement in the study of social disease called crime 
is as unreasonable as it would have been in the case of cholera, and 
more so, for the ravages of crime exceed many times those of any 
physical disease. 

If the practicability of a new plan of work be a matter of opinion, 
that opinion has most weight which comes from those dealing first 
hand with some phase of the work. Such opinion is indicated on 
page —, under the head of 11 Summary of indorsements of work 
incorporated in bill.” 

There are some other direct ends which eventually this bill is 
expected to accomplish: 

1. Exhaustive study of single typical criminals, which represent a 
large number, will give definite knowledge as to just how men become 
criminals and to what extent their surroundings influence them as 
compared with their inward natures. This would make possible a 
rational application of remedies for these evils. 

2. More exact knowledge of the abnormal classes will enable us to 
manage them better in institutions. Such studies will bring men of 
better education and training in control of the institutions and 
increase interest in the professional study of these classes. 

3. Proper and full statistics of the abnormal classes will alone 
justify this work. Merely skeleton statistics on this subject are some¬ 
times gathered by governments. 

4. To lessen the enormous expense to governments of the abnormal 
classes by study of the causes of the evils that involve such expense. 

The great progress already made by governmental scientific investi¬ 
gation of physical disease suggests governmental application of similar 
methods in the study of moral and social disease, the necessity of 
preventing or lessening which is much more urgent. 

One reason why so many professional organizations dealing first 
hand with some phase of this work support this measure is that they 
think it is time that governments begin a serious study of those social 
evils which are their greatest enemies. 

One feature of this work, of interest to all lovers of truth, is the 
application of the results and methods of anthropology, psychology, 


12 - 


criminal, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


medicine, sociology, and other sciences to the abnormal and weakling 
classes, thus constituting a new synthetic study, which may bring 
out truths that apply as well to normal man as to abnormal man; 
for in the case of penal institutions most of the inmates, as already 
stated, are normal, their crime being due to unfortunate surroundings 
and not to their inward natures. Even really abnormal persons— 
that is, those positively abnormal in at least a few respects—are never¬ 
theless normal in most things, so that whatever be found true of 
them is to a large extent true of all persons. Though such results 
be incidental, they may be none the less important. 

As in machinery we must first repair the wheels out of gear, so in 
society we must first study the criminal, crank, insane, inebriate, or 
pauper who can seriously injure both individual and community. 
Thus, a worthless crank, by killing a prominent citizen, can paralyze 
the community. The injury from such action is often beyond cal¬ 
culation. Governments pay out millions to catch, try, and care for 
criminals, but give very little to study the causes that lead to crime. 

The study of man, to be of most utility, must be directed first to 
the causes of crime, pauperism, alcoholism, degeneracy, and other 
forms of abnormality. To do this the individuals themselves must 
be studied. As the seeds of evil are usually sown in childhood and 
youth, it is here that all investigation should commence, for there is 
little hope of making the world better if we do not seek the causes of 
social evils at their beginnings. 

The most rigid and best method of study of both children and 
adults is that of the laboratory,® with instruments of precision in con¬ 
nection with sociological data. Such inquiry consists in gathering 
sociological, pathological, and abnormal data as found in children, 
in criminal, pauper, and defective classes, in hospitals and other 
institutions. 

I.—STUDIES OF JUVENILE CRIMINALS. 

The scientific study of crime is in its beginning, but the investiga¬ 
tion of criminal youth is still more exceptional. It may therefore be 
of interest and value to give results of three studies in juvenile crime. 
One consists mainly in observations of the physical defects of 65 
young persons. Another is a more general study of 200 children 
from 6 to 12 years of age in a reformatory. The third is a special 
investigation of a “ criminal-born child.” While these results are 
quite incomplete, yet it is hoped that they may serve as a suggestion 
for further inquiry along these lines. 

Some 'physical defects of 65 young criminals .—Table No. 1 gives the 
percentage in order of frequency of some prominent physical defects 
of 65 young criminals. 2 

Some of these defects are normal in lower races and in animals, and 
favor the theory that the criminal is a reversion to a lower type. 
While it is doubtless true that these criminals have more physical 
defects than people in general, yet it is impossible to say just how 
many more, since a sufficient number of people in general have not as 
yet been studied with a thoroughness adequate to warrant trust¬ 
worthy comparison. Notwithstanding the advancement of this age, 
the serious study of normal living man has hardly commenced. 3 

a The term “laboratory” is used in its broadest sense, including not only the use 
of instruments of precision but the obtaining of all sociological data, as condition of 
parentage, childhood, occupation, education, etc. 




CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Table 1. 


13 


Per 

cent. 

Defects. 

i Per 
cent. 

Defects. 

75 

Arm-reach greater than height. 

37 

Antitragus of ear large. 

68 

Projection of lower jaw. 

37 

Helix of ear rudimentary or absent. 

68 

Defective palate. 

35 

Thick lips. 

65 

Ears standing out. 

34 

Face not symmetrical. 

65 

Ears adherent. 

34 

Length of fingers greater than that of palm. 

56 

Head defective in shape. 

32 

Mouth kept open. 

53 

Bumps on forehead prominent. 

28 

Skin dark. 

52 

Prominent cheek bones. 

25 

Nose crooked. 

51 

37 

Teeth defective. 

Occipital protuberance large. 

21 

Hairy skin. 


Table 2. 


Antecedents of 45 young criminals. 

No. 

Per 

cent. 

Antecedents of 45 young criminals. 

No. 

Per 

cent. 

Insanity: 



Nervous diseases—continued: 



Father. 

0 

0.0 

Other relatives. 

43 

95. 55 

Mother. 

4 

8.88 

Alcoholism: 



Paternal and maternal relatives. 

17 

37. 77 

Father. 

22 

43.88 

In all. 

21 

46. 66 

Mother. 

3 

6. 55 

Mental backwardness. r .. 

0 

20.00 

Other relatives. 

28 

62.22 

Epilepsy or convulsions.1.. 

16 

32. 00 

Excess of coffee drinking: 



Hvsteria. 

12 

26. 66 

Father. 

9 

20.00 

Nervous character: 



Mother. 

6 

13. 33 

Father. 

17 

37. 77 

Other relatives. 

9 

20.00 

Mother.1. 

23 

51.51 

Lung diseases: 



Other relatives. 

35 

77. 77 

Father. 

8 

17. 77 

Nervous diseases: 



Mother. 

2 

4. 44 

Father. 

3 

6. 66 

Other relatives. 

29 

64. 44 

Mother. 

6 

13. 33 





Antecedents .—Of the 65 criminals studied it was possible to obtain 
data in only 45 cases. The number of defects is doubtless much 
below the reality, as there are so many temptations to conceal them. 
The most frequent hereditary taints are: (1) Nervous diseases, 95 per 
cent; (2) lung diseases, 64 per cent; (3) alcoholism, 62 per cent; 
(4) insanity, 47 per cent; (5) epilepsy, 32 per cent; (6) mental back¬ 
wardness, 20 per cent. 

The prominence of nervous diseases suggests the results of extreme 
pressure due to the abnormal conditions of modern life. The author 
lias indicated this in detail in Senate Document No. 12, Fifty-eighth 
Congress, third session, entitled “Statistics of crime, suicides, and 
insanity.” 

A study of 200 children from 6 to 12 years of age in a reformatory .— 
Of these children 134 were abandoned children, 13 had been in the 
poorhouse, and the majority of these had committed crime before, 
44 had been vagabonds, and 19 beggars, 146 thieves, and 33 einbez- 
zlers. The social surroundings of those children were substantially 
the same, coming from the lower classes and being in the same insti¬ 
tution, having the same school advantages, and being born in the 
same city. 

In 10 cases the father was insane, in 14 the mother; epilepsy was 
found in the father in 11 instances, in the mother 15 times, and in 
sisters and brothers 7 times. Other nervous diseases were found in 
the father in 2 cases, and in the mother in 24 cases. In 78 cases the 
father was an alcoholic, in 5 the mother, and in 2 both parents; 22J 
per cent (45) were illegitimate, about 10 per cent more than the 
general average for the city. 




















































14 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

In 47 cases the father was dead, in 29 the mother, and in 13 both 
parents; in 15 cases the father and mother lived apart, and in 4 cases 
they lived in concubinage. There now remain 80 cases in which the 
children might have normal home training, but unfortunately, in 48 
of these the father, in 24 the mother, and in 15 both parents, left 
home in the daytime to go out to work. In 6 cases extreme poverty 
and in 15 sickness of parents prevented the children from having any 
education and training. 

It is noteworthy that so few of the parents were criminals; in 8 
cases the father and in 7 the mother had been convicted of crime. 

In 24 children rickets was present, in 9 hereditary syphilis, in 12 
scrofula, in 4 hydrocephalus, in 49 there were found injuries or wounds 
on the head, 15 of which must have affected the mental condition. 
In 25 cases there were chronic diseases. 

In at least 68 children there was mental weakness; of these 35 were 
morally deficient, 7 were hysterical, 5 had paronoia. 

In 52 cases the anterior circumference of the heart was greater than 
the posterior, and in 122 instances the reverse was true; in 26 cases 
the two circumferences were equal, 128 were brachycephalic, 58 
mesocephalic, and 14 dolechocephalic. 

There were 4 cases of microcephaly, 9 of trochocephaly, 36 showed 
a degree of asymmetry, 49 limbose coronal suture, 32 bulging out 
of the parietal eminence, 14 a depression in the parietal occipi¬ 
tal region, 21 with retreating forehead, 11 with large superciliary 
ridges, 12 with temporal muscle, 19 with irregular limits to where the 
hair begins, 30 with wrinkles in the forehead, 12 with asymmetrical 
spots in the iris, 30 with adherent ear lobes, 17 with ears unsym- 
metrical as to size and insertion, 31 with Darwinian nodules, 20 with 
Wildermuth ear, 14 with decayed teeth, 21 with gap in row of teeth, 
39 with irregularly inserted teeth, 43 with high standing gums, 41 
with torsus palatinus, 26 with birthmarks. Other stigmata were 
found in 134 cases. Of the 83 normal children there were only 5 
with no stigma. 

There was no unusual number with abnormal sensibilities. There 
was no conspicuous obtuseness to pain. The general physical devel¬ 
opment of the children was good, corresponding to the favorable 
hygienic conditions in which they lived. A striking physical develop¬ 
ment was noted in 17 cases, and a very defective one in 7 cases; 4 were 
left-handed and 1 ambidextrous. 

Nervous abnormalities were not specially frequent; 10 had strabis¬ 
mus, 17 difference of pupils, 23 facial irregularities, 16 with no abdomi¬ 
nal reflex, 6 had convulsive tics, and 8 stuttered; 17 others had various 
nervous abnormalities. 

Out of the 200, 83 were tattooed, a relatively large number. The 
tattooing consisted in the simplest forms, as heart, arrow, crown, coat 
of arms, initials, banner, cross, anvil, anchor, ship, sailor, dolphin, 
snake, women, bracelet, ring, head, athlete, dumb-bell, Indian, toma¬ 
hawk, horse’s head, clown, half-moon. The location of the tattooing 
was on the arm, except in three cases, in which it was on the breast. 
Of the 83 normal children 32 were tattooed; of the 68 mentally defec¬ 
tive 21 were tattooed. The cause of the tattooing was due mostly to 
imitation, it being a common practice in the institution. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Table 3. 


15 


Ear. 

Criminal, 

Normal per cent. 

Insane, 

per cent. 

Men. 

Women. 

per cent. 

Pavillion regular. 

29.2 

50.55 

62 

46 

Lobe adherent. 

25 

26 

13 

39 

Outiutting. 

24 

12.5 

3.2 

4.2 

Of Wildermuth. 

18 

6.2 

9.12 

6.26 

Antihelix prominent. 

14.2 

11.5 

26 




We will add here a few tables giving the results of some minor 
studies. Table 3 gives the results of study of the ears in different 
classes of people by Gradenigo. 

Table 4 gives the results of the investigations of Ottolenghi and 
Maupate as regards the nose in thieves. 

Table 4. 


Nose in thieves. 

Ottolenghi, 
per cent. 

Maupate, 
per cent. 

Nose in thieves. 

Ottolenghi 
per cent. 

Maupate, 
per cent. 

Rectilinear. 

40.00 

50.0 

Large. 

53.28 

18.75 

Concave. 

23.00 

37.5 

Flat. 

31.33 

Base elevated. 

32.13 

31.25 

Crooked. 

37.50 

37.5 

Short. 

30.92 



It has been said that thieves have large noses and swindlers pointed 
noses, but the number investigated is so small as to make such a 
conclusion merely tentative. 

Marro gives in Table 5 the antecedents of criminals indicating the 
possible influence of hereditary conditions. Alcoholism, cerebro¬ 
spinal diseases, and immorality in character play the most prominent 
part. 

Table 5. 


Antecedents. 

Father, 
per cent. 

Mother, 
per cent. 

Ancestors, 
paternal, 
per cent. 

Ancestors, 
maternal, 
per cent. 

Aloohnlism . 

41 

5.1 



Olf) ngo . 

32 

17 



Insanity . 

9.2 

3.3 

2.7 

4.1 

Pprp.Lm-spin^ 1 rlispasp.s ... 

21.1 

18 



Epilepsy. 

1.7 

.9 

.1 

.1 

Tmmnrflbty r>r ■yinlpnt, tpmppx . 

22.6 

11.3 



Consumption _ .. 

5.1 

10.1 



flrimjnality .... 

3.3 

.3 








According to Lombroso and Blomberg those addicted to the use 
of alcoholic liquors are frequent among the antecedents of thieves, 
as indicated in Table 6. 

Table 6. 


Epilepsy in parents of— 

Lombroso, 
per cent. 

Marro, 
per cent. 

1 

Epilepsy in parents of— 

Lombroso, 
per cent. 

Marro, 
per cent. 

Thieves. 

2.1 

1.2 

3.3 

Insanity in parents: 

Thieves. 

6.4 

14.5 

Suicide of parents: 

5.0 

5.1 

Parents addicted to drink: 
Thieves. 

14.3 

46.0 

Violators. 

3.9 





Jf The criminal-born child .—In accordance with the belief of Dietrich, 4 
the child to be described illustrates the criminal type. 






















































































16 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Carlo was 10 years old, 110 centimeters in height, weight 18 kilo¬ 
grams, length of head 170 millimeters, width of head 140 millimeters, 
circumference of head 505 millimeters. The child was very short 
for its age, its head was very large (macrocephaly), its eyes large, 
glistening, and projecting prominently from the orbits. A little 
down covered the forehead. The child had a snub nose, the sutures 
of the head were prominent and easy to feel, the teeth were very 
small and irregularly arranged, and the zygoma were prominent. The 
visual field was abnormal, showing peripheral scotoma. The esthesi- 
ometer gave 2.2 on right wrist, 2 on left wrist, and 2 on the tongue. 
Electrical sensibility on right 40, on left 15; sensibility to pain on 
right 15, on left 25. The father died of pneumonia, at 41; he 
was a strong drinker; the mother died at 31 of uterine trouble; was 
always sickly; had seven children, of whom three are living. 

Right after its birth the child was difficult to treat and caused the 
nurse much trouble; at 18 months of age the child began 
secret habits, and no way could be found to prevent it. When larger 
he would bite and scratch other children. He began to drink wine. 
He was a liar. He began to steal when 2 years of age. The child 
since its birth had been subject to s arting up in its sleep and to spells 
of vertigo. He was very uncleanly. At school his desire to steal 
increased continually; he would steal from his schoolmates; he would 
put his hand into the pocket of his sister, stealing her money to buy 
candy. He read bad books. He was very fond of his aunt, and was 
sent to her after the death of his mother. He had an intense hatred 
for anyone who did him the least wrong, and sought opportunity for 
revenge. 

According to Dietrich the following are some of the principal stig¬ 
mata of the criminal type: Plagiocephaly, megalocephaly, micro¬ 
cephaly, prognathism, irregularity of teeth, ears outstanding, hyper¬ 
trophy of genital organs, asymmetry of face, inequality of body, 
especially the eyes, ears, hands, and feet. In many cases bad secret 
habits are practiced from the earliest periods. It should be noted 
that no individual would have all those stigmata, yet would have 
some of them in a striking way. 

REFERENCES. 

1. Senate Document No. 187, Fifty-eighth Congress, third session. 

2. Maupate. Recherches d’Anthropologie Criminelle chez les enfants. 

3. A Plan for the Study of Man (by writer), Senate Document No. 400, Fifty-seventh 
Congress, first session. 

4. L’enfant criminal-n6, Centralblatt fur Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie, 1804. 

II.—DECAY OF FAMILY LIFE AND INCREASE OF CHILD CRIME 

Now and then in different countries, fears are expressed that the 
number of births is scarcely enough to compensate for the deaths. 
Not only is a tendency to sterility increasing, but people seem to 
care less for their offspring. Infant asylums, orphanages, poor- 
houses, and charitable institutions generally are increasing. The 
number of the disinherited, thrown upon public or private charity, 
grows daily. New institutions are being opened to palliate new 
miseries, seeking the aid of the state or community. But, strange 
to say, the family is being effaced; its role is lessened, family training 
and education are becoming a luxury. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 17 

On the one hand, the increase in the struggle for existence; on the 
other hand, desire for ease and pleasure, which characterizes our 
age; in a word, misery and selfishness cause the reduction of births 
and the abandonment of the child to the charge of servants, who 
relieve the parents of all care and anxiety. 

Sometimes children are much inferior to their parents. This may 
be due to the influence of servants from whom the children receive 
most of their early training. 

CAUSES. 

According to Tarde, the causes of the great increase of crime are, 
in part, the same as those which cause the diminution of births. 
The propagation of doctrines which have destroyed the traditional 
principles of religion, of morality, and of the family without pro¬ 
viding anything in their place has weakened society at its roots. 
Also, the growing ambition for social ascendency creates new needs, 
and makes necessities out of things not long since called luxuries. 
It has been shown that the number of births decrease in proportion 
as the family needs increase. This may be related to the increase 
of crime. The exodus to the cities causes detachment from home 
and fireside, and frequently unclassing of individuals, tending to 
break family ties. 

Then not only the increase of poverty, but the making the masses 
more conscious of their needs, by the increase of wealth, tends to 
general discontent. Thus some explanation may be given of the 
parallel increase of crime, wealth, and sterility. 

There is also the increase of alcoholism, one of the main causes of 
crime. 

LARGE FAMILIES FAVORABLE. 

The reasons that cause fewer children are the same as those that 
lead to parental neglect in the rearing of children. A father with 
little authority and morality, when he has seven or eight children, 
feels the necessity of supervision over them; but a strict father, with 
only one or two children, is liable to be too indulgent with them. 

IDEA OF STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE UNFAVORABLE. 

If, instead of the principles of traditional religion, as kindness, 
modesty, devotion, and sacrifice, social life is to be considered in 
accordance with modern tendencies, as primarily a battle and struggle 
for existence, and that it is good that it is so; if the public should 
actually believe this, what an impulse it would give to crime, suicide, 
and insanity! 

CITY LIFE UNFAVORABLE. 

The almost universal tendency to live in cities causes a decay of 
the country life. An English writer says of his own country that 
“The rush of life, the desire of wealth, the passion for exicting 
pleasures among the well-to-do, the high rents, the distance men 
have to travel to their work, the insecurity of that work, the daily 
labor of married women, and, perhaps, the greatest of all, the public 
house, all combine to make the happy homes of old England, so far 
as the poorer classes are concerned, a figure of speech and a poetical 
dream.” This is, to some extent, true of the United States. Yet 

30923—08-2 


18 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


the old-fashioned home is the best place yet known for the training 
of a child. But such homes, owing to conditions beyond control, 
are growing fewer and fewer. 

The great bulk of youthful offenders come from those homes where 
parental control and interest are lax or nonexistent. This is, per¬ 
haps, one of the main causes of the general increase of crime among 
the young. 


PARENTS WHO GET RID OF THEIR CHILDREN. 

Many parents desire to get rid of their children at the expense of 
the state. Some have connived at their children’s evil ways some 
have even placed money so that their children might take it and be 
brought into custody, thus ridding themselves of the care and expense 
of their offspring. 

If such parents were compelled to have their children at home, 
could such a home be beneficial to any child? While no one is in 
favor of encouraging parents to place their children upon public 
charity, yet as the children are not to blame for having such parents, 
they should have first consideration. 

AGES 12 TO 14 A CRITICAL TIME. 

It has been found in France that, from 12 to 14, boys are most fre¬ 
quently sent to reformatories, and girls from 14 to 15 years of age. 
The ages of 12 for the boys and 14 for the girls are critical. This is 
the time when the children of the poor seek employment, escaping 
the control of the school, without coming back under the charge of 
the parents. At this age, also, passions begin to develop and youth 
becomes an easy prey to the temptations of the street. Thus the 
school is, in itself, a safeguard as long as the child attends it, but it 
also seems to indicate that the school is incapable of arming the 
pupil against the temptations of life when he has ceased to attend. 

Pascal called the child a little impulsive being, who is pushed 
indifferently toward good or evil, according to the influences which 
surround him. Like soft clay, of whatever form, it can not resist the 
hand of the potter. 

MOST CHILDREN CAN BE SAVED. 

The great majority of children can be saved if taken in time. There 
are, however, a few naturally depraved and vicious children, many 
of whom come from debauched or drunken parents, presenting phys¬ 
ical and mental stigmata, in epilepsy, imbecility, and insanity, who 
are called degenerates. Many of these are, doubtless, incorrigible. 

DEFECTIVE PARENTAGE. 

There are parents who are unworthy and others incapable or 
negligent. There are mothers and fathers who, by their conduct or 
bad treatment, put their children in peril. These are mostlv 
drunkards. 

The family ties are weakened by death of both or one of the 
parents, by disease, and by poverty. Against these little or nothing 
can be done. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 19 

The movement of the people from the country to the city and the 
floating character of the population tend, with the loss of native 
ground, to lessen family sentiment. The unhealthy promiscuous 
conditions surrounding tenement houses, the insufficiency of woman’s 
wages, the deplored condition of the young girl in the lower classes, 
cause a disintegration of the family life. 

. Then the numerous clubs, both women’s and men’s, mean so much 
time taken from the family life. The increase of divorces, of which 
the children are innocent victims, the second marriages, often 
inspired by egotism and selfishness—these make family life a mere 
name. 

CHANGES IN FAMILY LIFE. 

Formerly the father went to work alone and the mother remained 
at home to attend to her household duties and look after the train¬ 
ing of the children. Now the wife goes out with her husband to 
• work, leaving the children at home alone or in the charge of other 
people. Formerly the father came home early from work and 
greeted his children, adding to the influence of the mother by firm¬ 
ness and kindness. Now the father may return late, or only to 
remain a short time, and then goes to the saloon, or to fulfill some 
so-called political duties. 

SCHOOL CAN NOT SUPPLANT FAMILY LIFE. 

It may be suggested that the school supply this want of fami y 
training for the young; but the school-teacher has too little time 
and opportunity to accomplish such a heroic task; and even if he 
should succeed to any extent, the results of his labor might be de¬ 
stroyed by the bad conditions surrounding such children out of school 
hours. To help the child withstand modern temptations there is 
more need than ever of right moral feeling, firmness of will, and 
moral resistance; such characteristics can not be produced by 
theoretical teaching alone. 


EFFORTS OF THE STATE. 

The State has been trying to do something through laws punishing 
the guilty—by reformatories, houses of refuge, industrial schools, 
juvenile courts, indeterminate sentence, etc.—but this is after the 
disease is discovered; the barn is locked after the horse is stolen. 
However much good the State has done, crime among the young is 
increasing proportionally faster than the population. One great 
need is methods directly preventive. While all the means now 
employed by the State doubtless tend to prevent crime, yet they 
are mainly indirect. The need is to modify as much as possible the 
conditions that lead to crime; to nullify the sources of the disease. 

CRIME SHOULD BE ATTACKED AT ITS ROOTS. 

Just as every State employs a health officer, not only to stop but 
to prevent disease, so the State should make provision for preventing 
crime by employment of the best methods known to science and 
.sociology.® That is, instead of palliative measures, the causes of 


a See Man and Abnormal Man (S. Doc. No. 187, 58th Cong., 3d sess.) 



20 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


crime should be first sought out. Just as in cholera, once the dread 
of nations, the discovery of its cause has made it a rare disease, so in 
crime the investigation of its causes may result in lessening it greatly. 

SHORT SENTENCES UNFAVORABLE. 

A boy who may have lived in a dingy attic, or over a stable, or in 
a damp cellar, is suddenly placed in a comfortable, clean prison cell. 
While on many a day he had no sufficient meal, and often went to bed 
hungry, he now has regular meals. While daily he may have received 
brutal treatment, he is now considered humanely. The result is, 
when he leaves prison he may feel almost contented with such a life. 

The moral effect is that a brief confinement takes away the fear 
of prison, which is alwa}^s a strong factor in keeping the young from 
crime. This may be a reason why youthful criminals so easily fall 
back into crime. 

INJURY OF PUBLICITY. 

If the boy has a sense of honor, he will be greatly injured through 
the publication of his crime and punishment. Or the boy who. up to 
the present, was a nobody sees himself suddenly in the limelight, his 
name and photograph in the papers, long speeches made which con¬ 
cerned him only, his counsel's eloquence may have given him freedom 
from punishment with the applause of the public. All this flatters 
the boy; he feels he is more important and far superior to his former 
schoolmates or companions, among some of whom he may be a hero. 
Crime is not so bad, after all; prison is easy and rather interesting. 
This is somewhat the general impression left upon the young. 

EDUCATION AND CRIME. 

Montesquieu said, "We receive three different or contrary kinds of 
education—one from our parents, another from our teachers, and 
another from the world." Tfiis is still true to-day. The family, if 
not bad, is often indifferent to the children’s education. Some do not 
know how; others do not desire to try to correct the defects of their 
children. The trend of modern education seems to be to develop the 
mind rather than to form the character. 

The education that tenement-house children receive from the 
world while playing in the streets tends to develop whatever is bad 
in their nature, though no doubt it sharpens their wits, producing a 
type of street urchin or slum child. 

MORAL EDUCATION. 

A general defect in education seems to be giving too much weight 
to the intellectual and rationalistic side of nature, and too little to 
moral impulses. This boy stole because he was ignorant; no, he stole 
because of his bad social or parental surroundings, which are also 
the cause of his ignorance, he not having the means to obtain an educa¬ 
tion. Goethe says to liberalize the mind without giving one control 
of his character is bad. 

While reform in education to establish moral character may do 
much in lessening crime, by making the young more able to resist 
temptation* yet it hafc its limits, especially if the press is allowed to 
publish broadcast matter that is injurious for youthful minds. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 21 

III.—REFORM OF JUVENILE CRIMINALS. 

The best methods of reforming young criminals are more or less 
a matter of opinion, for the causes of crime have not been suffi¬ 
ciently determined so that remedies may have an adequate applica¬ 
tion. 

To treat a disease without knowing its cause definitely may be the 
best that criminology can do at present. 

As in physical so in social disease, the individual subjects must 
be studied if the real causes of crime are to be found. Such profes¬ 
sional and scientific investigation is the only path to the root of the 
matter. But such study has barely commenced in our country. 
Not merely the punishment of crime after it has been committed 
but, as Pestalozzi says, the education of man to do good and the 
killing of the cause of crime are what will protect the community. 

VALUE OF SAVING ONE CHILD. 

Every child kept from being a criminal wins for the state a good 
citizen, but every child becoming a criminal through the state’s 
neglect of conditions leading to crime is a vicious parasite, and, 
whether free or in prison, feeds upon the people. The preventing 
of one child from going wrong may save the state the cost of some 
notorious criminal trial and protect the community from reading the 
details of the life and acts of some moral degenerate or pervert, 
tending to make him a hero rather than a culprit. 

SIN OF MODERN TIMES. 

Any description of a crime that tends to palliate it or make it 
interesting, or associate it with dignity or respectability so that 
the resultant impression is one of interest in, or acquiescence in, or 
condoning the evil, is the great sin of the press, stage, and literature 
of modern times. Such publications are a positive evil to society, on 
account of the law of imitation; and in addition, make the criminal 
proud of his record, and also develop the morbid curiousity of the 
people. It is especially the mentally and morally weak who are 
affected.® But any description of crime that makes you detest 
the crime is moral in its effect, even though it involve objectionable 
details. 

CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE LEFT TO THEMSELVES. 

Prevention of crime concerns the care of the young, and especially 
those who are criminals, vagabonds, paupers, homeless or without 
proper home, or in any way neglected by being left to themselves. 
The child is not master of itself, but its environment controls it. 
Perhaps in as many as nine cases out of ten the child will be what 
its surroundings tend to make it. 


a Man and Abnormal Man (S. Doc. No. 187, 58th Cong., 3d sess.), including a study 
of children, in connection with bills to establish laboratories under city, State, and 
Federal governments in the study of the criminal, pauper, and defective classes, 
with bibliographies. 

This document may be obtained on application to any United States Senator or 
Representative. 



22 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


TWO CLASSES IN MORAL DANGER. 

There are two classes of children in moral danger; (1) those who 
can be saved by ordinary pedagogic means, and (2) those who have 
need of some special method of reformation. 

There are some children who, without being disposed to do evil, 
are led astray by their environment; sometimes it is bad compan¬ 
ionship, sometimes their own parents force them into vice and crime. 

SIGNS SUGGESTING VICIOUSNESS. 

There are other children who seem to be vicious by nature. These 
often present a characteristic appearance. There is a certain animal¬ 
ity in the face, the eyes are without expression, the forehead is low 
or depressed, the jaws are very large, the edges of the ears are rough, 
the ears extend out prominently from the head. Sometimes the 
complexion has an unhealthy color. Such children may be too 
large or too small for their age or they may appear older or younger 
than they are. Some do not look you straight in the face, but ha ve a 
stealthy, oblique, or variable glance. Some stutter, hesitate, or 
become confused. These defects are only signs and of course do not 
necessarily mean the existence in the person of the things signified. 
They mean that such individuals will at least bear observation. 

CYNICAL CHILDREN. 

There are children who advertise their corruption, treating with 
effrontry whoever interrogates them, laughing at the questions, 
manifesting cynical pride, and glorifying themselves. 

One learns to know the hypocrites and sneaks, who cry with effort 
and protest their innocence without appearing too desirous of escap¬ 
ing justice. It is easier to recognize the true character in children 
from 10 to 16 than in those younger. 

SIGNS, SUGGESTION, SINCERITY. 

A clear voice, open toned, well pitched, even under strong emotion, 
is a good sign. If the look is direct, a little elevated, if the eyes are 
directed straight at you, if the mouth has no contraction, if the arms, 
hands, and legs are in a state of repose, these are signs of a sincere 
nature, but only signs. 

It is important to distinguish whether a child is bad by nature or 
whether its badness comes from its environment. A child might 
commit several serious crimes, being led astray by its surroundings, 
and yet not be bad by nature, especially if at the time it did not recog¬ 
nize the gravity of the crime, but later regretted it. Such a child 
should never be placed in company with a child who to all appear¬ 
ances is bad at heart. 

CASES OF IMPROVEMENT OR REFORM. 

In order that the reader may study the cases® for himself, those 
where the treatment was successful are first given, and then follow 
cases where reform proved impossible. 


Selected from special investigations. 



CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


23 


IMPROVEMENT THROUGH ENGLISH REFORMATORIES. 

The reformatories and industrial schools of Great Britain have 
improved three-fourths of their inmates, as the following table indi¬ 
cates : 



Reformatories. 

Industrial schools. 

Year. 

Im¬ 

Doubt¬ 

Relaps¬ 

Un¬ 

Im¬ 

Doubt¬ 

Relaps¬ 

Un¬ 


proved. 

ful. 

ing. 

known. 

proved. 

ful. 

ing. 

known. 


Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

Per cent. 

1882. 

74 

5 

10 

11 

80 

6 

3 

11 

1883. 

72 

6 

11 

11 

80 

5 

3 

11 

1884. 

74 

6 

10 

10 

80 

6 

3 

10 

1885. 

75 

6 

10 

9 

81 

5 

4 

10 

1886. 

75 

7 

10 

8 

83 

5 

2 

10 

1887. 

77 

6 

9 

8 

84 

5 

3 

8 

1888. 

76 

5 

11 

8 

82 

6 

3 

9 

1889. 

75 

6 

12 

7 

83 

5 

3 

9 

1890. 

75 

6 

11 

8 

84 

4 

3 

9 

1891. 

77 

5 

10 

8 

85 

4 

3 

8 


TWO CASES WITH HEREDITARY TAINT. 

Girl, 13. She was 13 years of age. Her father was nervous and 
also had an affecton of the heart, but he was a sober man. Her 
mother was very nervous, subject to hysterical attacks. One 
brother died of croup, another of meningitis. She was of average 
height, sallow complexion, black eyes, dark brown hair, had narrow 
and receding forehead, ears well formed, but a little large. She 
knew how to read and write, but had no taste for study. She did not 
like to sew. She was a coquette, dressed with much care, and was 
cleanly. But she was giddy and hair-brained; she talked constantly, 
incoherently, and without sense. At times she was unconscious of 
what she said. She was very affectionate toward her parents, and 
while she liked her brother and sister, she struck them often. 

Good training would help this child sufficiently to live properly in 
the community. 

Boy, 11. The boy was 11 years of age; he had a flat forehead and 
nose; his ears were almost without lobes. He was very limited in 
intelligence and could barely read and write, was filthy in speech, and 
so violent and dangerous that he needed close watching at school. 

His brother was insane and his father was an alcoholic and had 
served several times in prison for violent assaults. Much might be 
done to help this boy, but not without taking him away from his 
surroundings. 

IMPROVED BY REFORMATORY. 

Age, 12 years; length of head, 179 mm.; width, 160 mm.; circum¬ 
ference of chest, 69 cm.; height, 137 cm.; sitting height, 70.5 cm.; 
arm reach, 141 cm.® 

At the right corner of the mouth was a linear cicatrix 2 cm. long 
prolonging the line of the mouth. 

Nothing was known as to antecedents. The family were day 
laborers, living in an industrial village; their morality was doubtful; 
they allowed their children to be vagabonds and thieves. Arrested, 


a When the arm reach is greater than the height it is generally regarded as a defect. 






























24 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


the boy was acquitted and put under the charge of public charity. 
This boy had contracted bad habits, which were so deeply rooted 
that he could not be sent to a family. He was sent to a reformatory. 
After two years here his conduct was modified sufficiently to be given 
employment outside of the institution. 

REFORMED BOY TWO YEARS’ LIFE IN REFORMATORY. 

Boy, age 15; orphan; length of head, 180 mm. ; width, 156 mm.; cir¬ 
cumference of chest, 74 cm.; height, 143 cm.; sitting height, 71 cm.; 
arm reach, 146 cm. 

This boy was very healthy; he had been to school and knew how 
to read and write. He was brought up by his aged and feeble 
grandfather, who lived in a section where prowlers were numerous, 
intractable, and brutal in disposition. 

This boy was taken from these unhealthy surroundings and sent 
to a school for correction, where his bad tendencies were put under 
control in two years. 

SAVED BY REFORMATORY. 

> 

Boy, age 15 years, orphan; length of head 181 mm., width 168 mm. 
circumference of chest 73 cm., height 151.5 cm., sitting height 76.1 
cm., arm reach 150 cm. 

The boy had good health. He was educated by an uncle. He 
could read and write, was somewhat pretentious. He was placed in 
domestic service, but he soon began to steal, justifying it by a most- 
revolting cynicism. His moral sense seemed false; it was necessary 
to keep him from temptation and to attempt to set his conscience 
aright. He was sent to a reformatory where he could make prepa¬ 
ration to enter the army; otherwise he might be likely to fall back 
into crime. 

TWO VAGABONDS REFORMED BY FAMILY MOUNTAIN LIFE. 

These two were brothers, 7 and 10 years of age. 

Boy 1. Father dead; length of head 164 mm., width 145 mm., 
sitting height 55 cm., height 107 cm., arm reach 102 cm., thin lips, 
pointed chin. 

Boy 2. Length of head 175 mm., width 150 mm., sitting height 
68 cm., height 124 cm., arm reach 120 cm.; slight scar on left eye¬ 
brow. 

These two boys were healthy and vigorous, presenting no defect of 
hearing, seeing, or speaking, no anatomical stigmata. Nothing could 
be found as to their antecedents, except that the mother had rickets, 
stuttered, and was very limited in intelligence, leading a haphazard 
life, making her children beg. 

These children never went to school, but were very active as vaga¬ 
bonds in several communities, where they were a pest, sleeping in 
barns. They would pass by food and fruit, but would steal a watch 
or other object of value. Finally, they were arrested and imprisoned. 
A committee of a local charitable society intervened and had these 
boys taken out of custody and put under the care of a good man. 
But they escaped and continued their voyage home, a distance of 
30 miles. They were arrested the next day while in the act of stealing. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


25 


When the younger one was questioned as to his acts, he looked at 
his brother and at the questioner, raising his shoulders a little with 
a sense of superiority and pity. What shall be done with these boys 
who intend to live as they please? 

These two vagabonds were sent to live with an honest mountaineer, 
to have a bed, a place at table to eat regularly, and to attend school. 
After four years of this life those boys were completely transformed 
and reformed. 

HOPELESS CASES. 

In vicious and criminal children the cause of their degeneracy can 
often be traced to hereditary antecedents, yet in some cases, as we 
have seen, careful but severe treatment will save them, where other¬ 
wise their bad instincts would lead them to destruction. If, how¬ 
ever, such treatment, through neglect of parents or others, be delayed 
until the child is somewhat grown, it will in most instances fail, for 
criminal taint has had opportunity to develop and permeate the 
character. Such a child is morally frail, with little power of resist¬ 
ance and liable to fall under the least temptation. A few seem to 
have a sort of blindness and want of comprehension, being absolutely 
under the sway of their instincts and impulses. For these there is 
little or no hope. 

INCAPABLE OF REFORMATION. 

Boy, 14 years of age, father dead; length of head 170 mm., width 
155 mm., height 150 cm., sitting height 77 cm.; he had a club foot 
and congenital paralysis. His father was an alcoholic, dying at the 
age of 35 of pleurisy. The mother had good health. She was treated # 
brutally by her husband while with child. Two other children, a boy 
of 10 and a girl of 7, showed nothing unusual. The boy’s paralysis 
did not prevent him from being active. He could read, but wrote 
with difficulty, though he had attended a number of different schools, 
private and public. He became involved in an immoral affair, which 
was his undoing before the court where he served as a witness and 
gave the details of the scandal. His imagination was perverted. 

The child was sent to a reformatory, but without success in treating 
him. He attempted murder in the street. The defect in this boy 
was aggravated by the ^circumstances of his life; it was impossible to 
reform him. 


GIRL, MORAL DEGENERATE. 

Girl, age 13 years, had an extraordinary physical development for 
her age; the mother had married again. The girl was brought up by 
grandparents, who lived in a factory town. The child early showed 
vicious instincts which frightened the family. She was arrested for 
a series of thefts of goods displayed at stores. It was a case of pre¬ 
cocious puberty. She went to a convent with the formal promise 
that she could leave after three months. As the time approached she 
declared if she was kept any longer she would set fire to the building. 
Then she was placed in several institutions, but all were glad to get 
rid of her. At one convent where she remained forty-eight hours she 
refused to eat; pretended there was something the matter with her 
eyes, so she could not sew. At another place where she remained but 


26 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

one night she frightened the sisters and boarders by twisting herself 
so when laughing that they thought her insane. At the convent 
where she remained some time she acted still worse; she would attack 
the sick and scandalize the personnel by her words and jests. She 
was vicious by nature. She suffered from a cerebro-spinal trouble 
and excessive sexuality. 

RELAPSES INTO OLD WAYS. 

Boy, 13 years of age; orphan; large for his age; he could neither read 
nor write and had little mental capacity. His father was an habitual 
criminal; his mother had a doubtful character. He was cared for by 
uncle and aunts with little means. He showed brutal instincts, 
stealing jewels and then breaking them to pieces. He was arrested 
and taken before the court. The local society took him in charge and 
found him a home in a good family; in two years, though not reformed, 
he was somewhat changed for the better, but he went back again to 
his old ways, himself recognizing that he could not adapt himself. 
After being returned by his guardian family he began to steal. 

BOY WITH HEREDITARY TAINT. 

The boy was 11 years old; his father was nervous, violent, a drinker 
and gambler. His mother was extremely nervous, becoming exceed¬ 
ingly angry on the least provocation. 

He was an apt pupil when so disposed, but he was lazy, greedy, 
untruthful, and jealous; he played truant at school continually, 
declaring he had had enough of school. For two months he went out 
• every evening attending balls and other entertainments, not returning 
until after 11 o’clock. In the day he did not wish to do anything; he 
was always away. It appears that his father when a "boy had the 
habit of sleeping outside. The son had little affection for his mother; 
he did not wish to kiss her, nor have her kiss him. Brutal and 
treacherous, he would strike his sister, 14 years of age, defective in 
many ways, and as bad as her brother. He would abuse every one 
and become violently angry, threatening to break everything. Every 
effort was made to help this child—nothing could be done. 

DEGENERATE GIRL WITH BAD PARENTAGE. 

Age 15, mother dead; length of head 171 mm., width 151 mm., 
height 166 cm., sitting height 85 cm., arm reach 168 cm. There was a 
scar on the upper right jaw, another on the middle of the left jaw. 

The father was an alcoholic and led a bad life. The girl was large 
and had the appearance of being 20 years of age; had excellent health, 
with the exception of an enuresis. 

Reared by an uncle, she was put under the care of a good pastor, 
where she proved to be impossible. Arrested for theft, she was sent 
to a convent. 

This is another case of cerebro-spinal trouble and excessive sexual¬ 
ity. She was sent to work in a manufactory, but she left and re¬ 
turned, telling a story she had invented. In spite of all efforts to 
reform her she did not grow better. At the last convent she lived in 
she broke a door to regain her liberty. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 27 

IMPULSE TO RUN ABOUT PREVENTS REFORMATION. 

Boy, a g e 16, orphan; length of head 187 mm., width 144 mm., 
height 156 cm., sitting height 84 cm., arm reach 158 cm. Eyebrows 
near each other; dimpled chin; scar at end of chin; tattooing on left 
wrist, asymmetry of face. 

This boy was reared by a brother-in-law. He was employed in a 
hotel. He stole $3 from one of his fellow servants. He was placed 
with an employer in the city and for three months with another 
employer, where he saved a little money. Unfortunately his impulse 
to be on the go brought him 'into the street, where it was not long 
before he was arrested. 

VAGABOND NATURE TOO STRONG. 

Boy, age 17, father dead; length of head 177 mm., width 149 mm., 
height 150.3 cm., sitting height 79 cm., arm reach 155 cm., health 
good. 

The mother earned her living with great difficulty. Her boy, in 
company with an Arab, was arrested for being a vagabond. He 
appeared gentle, malleable, and manifested good intentions. He was 
placed in a family of a well-to-do farmer, who seemed disposed to aid 
him as best he could. For a few days everything passed quietly, but 
the boy associated with all the vagabonds coming that way. He was 
returned to his mother, who found him a place with a former em¬ 
ployer. She had little hope that he would continue to do well any 
length of time. 

PRISON COMPANIONSHIP CAUSED RELAPSE. 

Boy, age 18, father dead; length of head 175 mm., width 156 mm., 
height 172.3 cm., sitting height 93.6 cm., arm reach 180 cm., good 
health. 

Arrested for theft, he was sentenced for the first time to three 
months in prison. After serving his time his mother died. He was 
placed with an employer, where he gave satisfaction, but he met a 
confirmed criminal (recidivist) with whom he had been in jail. He 
suddenly left his employer to take up with his former prison com¬ 
panion. 

BOLD ROBBER. 

Boy, age 13; length of head, 165 mm.; width, 152 mm.; height, 135 
cm.; umbilicus was prominent. This boy had a badly shaped palate 
(pointed arch); he had an enuresis. When 8 years old he was very 
sick. He spoke with difficulty, half French and half patois; was 
wholly illiterate. He was placed in service with several employers. 
His father was a gravedigger. The boy was very backward mentally. 
There were five other children, about whom nothing is known. This 
boy was sentenced to a house of correction for nineteen years on 
account of a number of bold thefts—getting upon the roof, opeping 
the scuttle, and going down into the house. 


28 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

CHILDREN NEEDING PROTECTION. 

There are three general classes of children especially needing pro¬ 
tection and study: Abandoned children, vicious children, and crimi¬ 
nal children. 

The abandoned children constitute the greatest number needing 
care. They consist of: 1. Foundlings whose parents are unknown. 
2. Those deserted by their parents. 3. Paupers, without parents 
and without means of subsistence. 4. Those whose parents, through 
disease or physical or mental incapacity or detention or sentence 
for crime, can not care for them. 5. Children where parents expose 
them to vagabondage, begging, and idleness or children who through 
bad treatment are ignored. 

By vicious children are meant not only those who may be vaga¬ 
bonds or beggers, but such as do not submit to their parents and so 
withstand education, as unruly children in school. 

Criminal children, whose age of responsibility may vary. 

SOME METHODS OF REFORM. 

These methods of reform are in accord with the opinions of many 
engaged in practical work and are offered merely as suggestions. 

PROTECTION OF CHILD BEFORE BIRTH. 

It is important to protect the intra-uterine life of the child. Special 
care should be given to the woman with child by maternal care, by 
relief at domicile, by arrangement of work, by creation of asylums 
and of private maternities, and by examination into the paternity of 
the child. 

(J3 PROTECTION IN EARLY LIFE. 

The conditions of social life often do not permit taking a child 
from its mother, and she is not always capable of giving the child 
the necessary care. There should be established institutions for rear¬ 
ing children according to the best methods. 

SCHOOL LIFE. 

Hygienic principles should be established in the schools. No 
teacher, according to a French specialist, should have charge of 
more than 20 or 25 pupils. A physician or specialist should be 
present at the formation of the classes. He should always examine 
any pupil showing himself incapable of adaptation to the conditions. 

JUVENILE CRIMINALS. 

Young vagabonds less than 16 years of age should not be com¬ 
mitted to jails or police stations or houses of arrest, but should be 
sent to an institution for observation, to determine what to do with 
them. Such inquiry should be made by a commission, one member 
at least being a physician. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


29 


The youngest should be assigned to families; the others should be 
sent to some reformatory school or to a clinical school, whose head 
should be a physician or specialist. Adolescents (16 to 20 years of 
age) should be sent to some reformatory without fixing in advance 
the length of time they should remain. 

LOMBROSO’s METHOD. 

According to Lombroso, one of the best methods of prevention 
for the “born criminal” is moral nursing; that is, the rearing should 
commence in the first months of life in the country, on the farm, in 
colonies, out of the reach of criminal association. A fight against 
alcoholism should be carried on by associations, by religious, political, 
and temperance societies, by journals, etc. All these agencies 
should be in connection with medical treatment. 

IV.—REFORM OF WAYWARD YOUTH. 

There is apprehension that the excellent equipment of modern 
reformatories and industrial schools, such as electric lights, bath¬ 
room, most improved methods of heating, free medical service, 
free dentistry, excellent teaching, lectures, entertainments, the 
best of food, many comforts the poor would call luxuries, solid 
buildings, elegant situation, fine scenery, superb cottages approxi¬ 
mating to a refined country home—that the providing of these and 
many other advantages for the young who have gone wrong may 
take away that wholesome fear of jail or prison, which doubtless 
keeps many a youth from committing crime; that all such comforts 
should be provided by the State for its enemies may make the idea 
of crime much less abhorrent and thereby tend to increase it among 
the young. 

Let it be admitted that such treatment of wayward youth does 
sometimes lessen the wdiolesome fear of prison. It may be remarked 
that allowing the young to be arrested and remain in jail a few days 
will lessen such fear much more and have a damaging effect upon 
the youth forever after, if not preparing him for a criminal career. 

But the State allows children born in unhealthy surroundings 
to remain in them, and until they break the law they are not con¬ 
sidered subjects for reform. The State should give the young a 
chance, and the industrial school and reformatory, with all their 
elaborate equipment, are for this purpose. 

EVERY CHILD HAS THE RIGHT TO A PROPER BRINGING UP. 

Every child has the right to a proper bringing up. If it have 
no parents or its parents can not give it the rearing it has a right 
to, the community or State should do it. If its parents are unfit or 
unable or indifferent as to its welfare, the child is certainly not to 
blame and the State should see that it has a chance in the struggle 
for existence. Such a child at best will have enough disadvantage, 
when helped by the State, as compared with the child who has good 
parents. The fact that some parents would be encouraged to neglect 
their children if the State undertook to see that children are properly 
cared for is no reason why the children should suffer. Parents who 


30 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


care so little for their children as practically to give them up are par¬ 
ents whom the children might as well be without. That there are 
many children in any community who have improper homes is a 
fact too well known. Almost any policeman can tell you of parents 
with whom it is detrimental for the children to live. As those 
children are to be future citizens, it is incumbent upon the State to 
see that they have at least a chance to become good citizens. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIENCE. 

The general modern principles and methods of reforming the 
young can be indicated in no better way than by giving the results 
and ideas of those who have had extensive experience in dealing at 
first hand with such problems. Some of the truths here stated may 
seem very simple, but their importance is none the less on this 
account. The unanimity of opinion among those engaged in reforma¬ 
tory work is striking, when the diversity and complexity of youthful 
natures is considered. The writer has taken his material from the 
reports of some of the leading reformatories in the United States, 
often using the words of these reports. Naturally there is some repe¬ 
tition, especially as to the need of a good home, but this only empha¬ 
sizes the great importance of parental care which the reformatory 
endeavors to supply to the unfortunate young. 

THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 

The industrial school is not a prison, nor is it a penal institution 
where erring boys are confined and cruel punishment meted out to 
them. People conceive this idea because it is connected with the 
courts. Neither is it a place of confinement where they put bad boys 
merely to keep them out of other people’s way. The industrial 
school is a charitable institution, educational in its general organiza¬ 
tion, for the mental, moral, and physical training of that unfortunate 
class of wayward, misguided boys, who by the very nature of their 
environment are either homeless, with no visible means of support, 
or have in some manner transgressed the laws. 

It is not our aim to take issue with that class of theorists who in¬ 
sist because a boy, who, perhaps all his life, has been surrounded 
by bad associates, running wild in the streets with no restraining 
hand to retard his downward course; whose social conditions have 
not been the best, and who has in some manner infringed the law, is 
a criminal of the willful kind, and as such should receive the scathing 
ban of society’s ostracism. 

FEW BOYS SEEM DETERMINED TO GO WRONG. 

True it is there are boys, and ever will be, who will not escape 
the penitentiary despite all the advice, precept, and good training 
you may shower on them. This class, however, comprises a very 
small per cent of the whole, when we consider the large number 
of the decent, respectable, law-abiding young men who graduate 
from industrial schools and who have taken their place along¬ 
side the busy workers of the world, proving themselves good citi¬ 
zens, making an honest living, and leading exemplary lives. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


31 


The so-called “ bad boy ” is not half so bad as his reputation. The 
greatest fault with him is that he is misunderstood because he has 
been neglected; he has gradually developed from bad to worse until 
at last he is in the clutch of the law. Then it is he is given up for 
lost, and oftentimes thrown in jail with vile, vicious, unlawful men 
who delight to further aid his downward course. 

Boys who are not criminals, but the victims of circumstances, 
who have broken the law between the ages of 8 and 16, should 
never be placed in jail on a common basis with common prisoners. 
They should not be punished, but educated. Experience proves 
that they quickly respond to kind treatment and home-like influ¬ 
ence. It is to this end the industrial school was established. 

THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL A HOME. 

In all respects the industrial school aims to be a father and mother 
to the unfortunates, supplanting as near as possible the good home 
left behind, and improving on those that are not what they should be. 
To many it is the best home they have ever known. It is so different 
from the street; so much nicer to be able to know where you are going 
to sleep—so many nice games, a large number of books, and a whole 
lot of boys to play with; all of whom seem to be doing the right thing. 

The school aims to make it as easy as possible for the boy to do 
the right thing; and while we must confess all boys do not possess 
fine natures, yet we realize that aims are best attained, not by hard 
uncompromising lines of rigidity, or simply by excluding them from 
bad associates, but by good moral examples, patient study of the 
individual, constant regularity in habits of sleeping, eating, exercise, 
play, and a lively personal interest manifested among their teachers 
and officers in their sports, troubles, studies, etc. 

HOW TO TREAT A BOY. 

Place confidence in the boy; give him justice; wake the smol¬ 
dering ambition that is dormant in him; do not treat him as a sneak 
or inferior; teach him to look up, not down; direct his attention 
where he will find the best, purest, and most noble things in life; 
encourage in him clean, manly sports; persuade him to do right for 
right’s sake and not for the sake of policy; let him understand judg¬ 
ment is swift, sure, and certain to him who disregards the law, and 
he who will not obey must be made to do so. Teach him neatness, 
cleanliness, and correctness. Give him to understand that he is to 
be educated, not punished, and that he will be received into the busi¬ 
ness world according to his ability to accomplish things. In fact, 
let him understand everything he undertakes should be done in the 
nicest possible manner and that it is absolutely necessary for him to 
do his best. Try to instill in his very being a love and respect for 
honest labor, patience, perseverance, consideration for other people’s 
property and opinions, impressing on him the importance not to back 
down when he meets a reverse. j 


32 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


METHODS SIMPLE. 

Methods of keeping the boys are simple. We work no methods of 
legerdemain to convert the self-willed boy of the street, who perhaps 
has been a menace to society, an enemy to himself, and a danger to 
the public in general, into a quiet, peaceful, even-tempered, smooth 
“ willy-willy ” boy with a strong desire to obey each rule to the letter 
and a burning passion to execute every command in a faultless man¬ 
ner. Boys, as a rule, are not made that way—it is not natural—and 
as a class they have not an overamount of respect for watery sym¬ 
pathy—they want something more stable—it is facts and actions that 
count with them. They are quick to discern any movement that is 
for their welfare and are, if approached in the right manner, nearly 
always capable and willing to leave their past life behind and take up 
the task of character building. 

Of course, boys sometimes run away, just as they leave some of the 
best, most congenial homes in the land to wander from door to door— 
veritable outcasts begging their daily bread; but the class who are 
placed on their honor, and then run away, are not the real repre¬ 
sentative body, and the chances are they will be ne’er-do-wells all 
their lives, though it must not be concluded because a boy runs away, 
we lose all hope in him, for ofttimes such turn out well. 

UNHEALTHY HOMES. 

We often receive boys who are from homes that were not the best, 
that were broken, unlawful, unnatural; their social connections all 
their lives have been the worst possible; they would have not the 
remotest idea of manners or refinement—almost wholly uncivilized-— 
having known nothing but kicks and cuffs, and only been taught vice, 
dishonesty, and distrust of humanity in general, and as a natural 
consequence regarded the law as an enemy. Their only church was 
the corner saloon, or the dark alley, where they spent their time smok¬ 
ing, gambling, or conspiring to confiscate other people’s property to 
themselves, and as for the word “obey,” they never knew its meaning. 
Yet some conservative people often ask us to reform this class of boys, 
who from almost infancy have never felt a firm, restraining hand, 
but have essayed to follow their own wills and proceed along lines 
that offered least resistance, often encouraged by those who should 
have been a shield and a guide to their young lives. 

Again, we receive boys, whom some are pleased to term bad boys, 
from homes that are modest, congenial, and lovely, whose parents 
are good, respectable, law-abiding citizens. Yet it is plainly true 
their boys do not always conduct themselves as they should. We 
might suggest in some cases parents do not understand their children; 
are not patient enough; or because of household duties or pressing 
business, there is a lack of parental attention, or years of overindul¬ 
gence have taught the boy he can do as he pleases and they nearly 
always please to do wrong. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


33 


BOYS DESIRE ATTENTION. 

Boys like people to take an interest in them, and they like to take 
an interest in things. They want to be noticed, encouraged, and if 
they can not find their boyhood at home, the chances are they seek for 
it on the streets, and once they get the habit of loafing, the end is not 
far off. They are thirsty for sympathy, love good, clean companion¬ 
ship, and a lively interest taken in their boyish desires, games, etc., 
and this generally proves that the boy is all right. 

It must be understood that the work is principally to build from 
the bottom up. It is necessarily slow, for we often"encounter that 
class whose will has been their only law ; they do not always readily 
take to the right way of thinking, neither do they always quickly 
respond to kind treatment; are often unappreciative, and unattentive 
to their duties; and while we are a strong advocate of moral suasion, 
we know with a certain class of boys, in fact all classes, if moral sua¬ 
sion fails and you do not use more strenuous means of correction, you 
certainly encourage them to travel further on the road to destruction 
and in the end they may be irretrievably lost. 

THE BOY’S ENTREE. 

In all institutions there is a beginning for every ward. He enters 
with all sorts of ideas concerning it. Some approach it in fear and 
trembling, some with complacency, some with gladness, and others 
with defiance or even arrogance; but observation teaches that all 
soon approximate a common level. They may lack education, refine¬ 
ment, and moral training, but their perceptive faculties are unusually 
bright. A boy can tell at a glance what kind of a man he has to deal 
with, and his first impression is generally a right one. In conse¬ 
quence of this precocity, he is soon enabled to adjust matters to his 
own satisfaction concerning his surroundings. Or if an older boy, 
sullen, rebellious, looking for trouble, enters the institution, he finds 
himself in a quiet, busy, and well-ordered community, each member 
of which seems to be behaving himself. One of his first experiences 
is introduction into the military organization, where he gets physical 
exercise of a kind and quantity to dispose of all his superfluous 
energy; and as a rule he speedily comes to realize that he is a very 
small part of a very large machine, and that it requires a bold man, 
when a thousand others are marching a certain way, to attempt to 
go in a different direction. This gets him into a proper frame of 
mind for undertaking his other work, and in most cases, after a few 
attempts at independence, he submits to go along with the current, 
and there is no trouble whatever with him from a disciplinary point 
of view. 

DISCIPLINE. 

All children are not alike bad, therefore all do not need the same 
restraining influences. Some only need the timely caution, some the 
stern rebuke, while others will never know your meaning or appreci¬ 
ate their own situation until you apply the most severe punishment. 
These are all necessary appliances in child training, but care should 
be exercised in their administration. The line must be drawn on the 
30923—08-3 


34 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


side of leniency, and justice must balance the scales or you will 
antagonize. In no case ought a child be corrected in the heat of 
impatience or the flush of anger, but in all well-governed schools 
there should be a proper time for the rendering of accounts, and then 
only to such persons as are capable—a man with a mother’s heart 
and sympathies, combined with an offended father’s dignity, one who 
can act coolly and quietly and appreciate the fact that what is done 
in haste is usually repented at leisure. 

EDUCATION. 

Education does not make the man; it adorns him and should 
bring all his faculties into their fullest use. It is development, and 
is surpassed in grandeur only by manliness. A man may be an edu¬ 
cated nobody. He is, in his proper sphere, a triple combination 
made up of moral, intellectual, and animal capacities. Where he is 
lacking in any of these, cultivation becomes a necessity, and educa¬ 
tion resolves itself into a complex machine; accelerating and retard¬ 
ing are the bases of its operations. It is a mistake to educate the 
head at the expense of the heart and hand. The teachings of the 
school, the workshop, the garden, the farm, and the heart attuned to 
all that is good, noble, and true, is education. These distinctions 
ought to be brought before the child in simplicity, and when he is in 
a condition to receive them. “An occasional dropping is better than 
a rainy day for a tender plant.” 

The children should be taught that the smiles of Nature are not 
constant; that they must accept of sunshine and shower, dark days, 
and weary nights; that the friends of to-day may become the enemies 
of to-morrow; and that they must be ever prepared to meet adversity 
on the moral plane. 

DIVERSION. 

Diversion is the magical wand, the teacher’s panacea, and the boy’s 
scapegoat. Those who have labored with children will agree that 
there are times when everything seems to go wrong with them. We 
may coax and we may punish, and all to no effect; an incompetent 
teacher is in a dilemma, but one with tact will observe readily that the 
children are nervous from application or some other cause and will 
immediately employ a little diversion. After a good laugh, the tell¬ 
ing of a story, or the singing of a song, all will at once settle down to 
work perfectly satisfied and never know how the change came about. 

To play is the delight of every boy to a greater or less extent; 
certain limits, however, should govern them, even in amusement. 
All should be considered, whether in school, at work, or at play, with 
the same spirit; no cheating, no false representations, no subterfuge 
should be tolerated. It is just as necessary to use vigilance and 
discretion during their pastime as when otherwise engaged. 

EMPLOYMENT. 

All children should be considered capable of learning. What they 
have not naturally they can obtain mechanically, but all are not alike 
adepts in any pursuit. It is questionable whether a child knows 
what he can do best, therefore persons managing children ought to 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


35 


be good judges of human nature, and thus be enabled to solve the 
problem of life in its active sphere of labor for them. All should 
learn some handicraft whereby to support themselves, and those who 
may be hereafter dependent upon them. Should a boy exhibit traits 
of character pointing toward any of the professions, or any particular 
line of business, it is no burden to carry with him the knowledge of a 
good, substantial trade, for, should everything else fail, he will turn 
to it as his capital in store, and by it raise himself with dignity and 
independence. 

THE LIBRARY. 

The library is essential, and the more it is used the less trouble we 
shall find in the performance of our arduous duties. Some children 
will devour the contents of a book in such a manner that it does them 
but little good. We desire that they will take time for thought and 
digestion of the matter and subject. Others do not have a desire to 
read at all, consequently we must read for them. Children’s books 
should be children’s reading; each stage in life has its tastes in litera¬ 
ture, and we must not expect to put “ an old head on young shoulders.” 
Reading matter of a trashy nature should always be excluded from 
the young, especially the blood-and-thunder dime novel. 

MUSIC. 

Music is an incentive, and breathes the spirit of a better life. It is 
elevating and conducive of great power over the affections of the 
heart. Children love to sing, and the good old songs and hymns 
learned in childhood will follow to old age. In one reformatory the 
band plays six times a day when the boys march to and from their 
meals. The refining influence of the music is here utilized. 

THE MANNER OF DISCIPLINE. 

All children are liable to error, but there should be proper discrim¬ 
ination between moral and conventional wrongdoing. Our manner 
of disposing of such matters is to keep a record of every important 
wrong a child may from day to day commit. This report is sub¬ 
mitted by the officers and teachers of the school to the superintendent, 
in writing, without exaggeration or diminution, at which time he 
holds a moral review, calling up each child separately to make answer 
to the charges preferred against him. This is a time for care and 
forethought, for earnest consideration, and the full exercise of all 
the knowledge at our command. There must be no haste, no harsh¬ 
ness, and while we should be lenient, yet the wrong must not be for¬ 
gotten. This is the time to make impressions, pointing the child to 
the consequences for the present and for future manhood. 

We do not desire to hold a child longer than is necessary for his 
good. As soon as he becomes established in well-doing and has suf¬ 
ficient education to enable him to transact business, he should return 
to his home, or some home. Should he not prove strong enough to 
do well among his old associates, the parents or guardians have the 
right to send him back to the school, where he must make another start. 
This is a wise provision, and holds a restraint over the boy, even in our 
absence, until he becomes a man. In the case of a child who has no 
home, we are to him father, mother, and friend, whether he is with 
us or not. .; 


36 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


THE CHILD WITH NO CHANCE. 

Often born in poverty, amid dissolute surroundings, the child first 
sees the light where dirt and squalor reign; he grows up amid these 
surroundings; his playground is the street or alley, or worse; his 
companions are those who are equally unfortunate; he has but little 
if any home life, the parents concerned only in the struggle for exist¬ 
ence and frequently engaged in vicious employment, are not able to 
give him more than an occasional thought, and when they do it is 
rather to serve their own selfish purposes than to benefit the child. 
Just as soon as he is large enough he is put to work to earn something 
to help the family, and now he comes in contact with an older and 
usually a rougher class than himself. The chances are that he has 
not been permitted to attend school, or if so, has played the 
truant, and so has neither the training nor education with which to 
begin life on arriving at the period of adolescence. At this time in 
life he frequently runs away, or is obliged to leave home and shift for 
himself; and left.largely to his own devices, with ill-defined ideas of 
right and wrong, with but little if any educational advantages, and but 
little or no moral or religious training, he finds it difficult to obtain 
the means of living, soon violates the law, and thus naturally gravi¬ 
tates to the industrial school, reformatory, or prison. 

POWER OF HABIT. 

Enforced regular habits and systematic physical exercise enable 
almost every inmate to leave the school sounder and stronger than 
when he entered. Long-continued military drill makes order, neat¬ 
ness, and respect for law and authority habitual. It may be said 
that these things affect only the physical and mental sides of nature, 
and what children need is moral improvement. It is true that at the 
start the average boy earnestly applies himself to these things without 
any love for them, and for the reason that he is told that only by 
making a certain record of proficiency in them can he be released, but 
in the doing there comes in time a development of that indescribable 
something which we call character, and everything is now looked upon 
from a different and better point of view. He then acquires the 
power of persistent and concentrated effort, changes his aims and 
ambitions, and becomes receptive to the more direct moral influence 
of the school. Through these and similar instrumentalities the object 
of the institution—reformation—is accomplished with reference to 
the majority of the inmates. 

MILITARY DRILL. 

Military drill develops the attention as well as the muscles. Per¬ 
functory movements can not be tolerated. In the manual of arms 
one is required not only to perform a certain muscular act, but to do 
it at the same time and conform exactly in final position with from 
60 to 600 others. The hesitation of one cadet would result in delay 
and inconvenience to all. Disobedience in rank, therefore, becomes 
unpopular, and the habit of obedience is formed and strengthened by 
the daily and hourly repetition suggested by the very word “drill.” 
The drill is planned not so much to perfect the cadets in exhibi¬ 
tion movements as to develop in them the qualities which mark good 
soldiers in active service—obedience, order, and faithfulness in the 
performance of duty. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 37 

VALUE OF A GOOD HOME. 

A great many citizens do not seem to appreciate how much good 
wholesome home training does for a boy in the way of keeping him 
out of trouble while he is passing through those years from 10 to 
18, when he is neither child nor man, is easily impressed, quick 
to follow the leader, to be good or bad; and if for any reason his home 
life does not restrain or entertain him, he is quite apt to drift and get 
into trouble, though he may be at heart the kind of a boy who would 
make a good man under favorable conditions. 

It is an easy step for a boy who does not have just the right environ¬ 
ment to get into the habit of running away from school, and unless 
there is an interest taken by the parents and an understanding 
between teacher and parent as to just what the pupil needs in the way 
of encouragement to help him over the hard places, he is apt to follow 
the course that offers the least resistance and take up the habits of 
the gamin and the tough whom he meets on the street. There is a 
tendency on the part of every boy during these years, when character 
is being formed, to imitate or follow the boy who dares to do things 
out of the ordinary, from throwing paper wads in school to smoking 
cigarettes in the basement; a sort of hero worship of the wrong type, 
and unless strong lines are thrown out he is apt to lose his bearing 
and become a lawbreaker. His offense may be anything from run¬ 
ning away from school to stealing junk, robbery, or, in fact, anything 
in the whole category of crime. He has taken on many bad habits 
in his journey so far, has in many instances little respect for law or 
order, has not a clear idea of property rights, has not been taught that 
he is only entitled to those things that he has earned or acquired 
honestly, and has no conscientious scruples about taking what does 
not belong to him. This does not apply to all boys. A good many 
have had good home training, but in some instances are victims of 
broken families or intemperance and, for one reason or another, are 
off the track. 


REFORMATORY A BUSINESS ECONOMY. 

Turning a willful, wayward boy, often more sinned against than 
sinning, from his evil courses and making a useful, law-abiding, 
tax-paying citizen of him, is, leaving the humanity of it entirely out 
of consideration, the wisest sort of business economy measured by 
dollars and cents. To take friendless boys, secure positions for 
them and make them permanently self-supporting and self-respecting 
(on the basis of 209 boys) has cost, per capita, $75.21. Of this cost 
the boy himself contributes one-third. This is what a certain insti¬ 
tution adds as a note: 

The reform school does not, nor does it claim to, reform all the boys who come into its 
keeping. Good parents, with whom no institution, however wisely managed, can com¬ 
pare, do not always succeed in raising to manhood sons who do them honor. Boys go 
astray in the world in many ways and for many causes. Some have no parents and run 
at large, subject to numberless temptations. Others have parents whose precepts 
and examples harm instead of help them. In the cases of others the parents have .not 
the time nor the means, perhaps lack of inclination, to give them that constant super¬ 
vision they require. They cease to go to school. Idleness takes the place of in¬ 
dustry. Desire outrunning their means of gratifying them, they take what they are 
too idle to earn and lack the self-restraint to deny themselves. Very soon such 
boys, exempt from the wholesome restraint of watchful discipline, become curses to 
themselves and to their communities. 


88 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


REFORMATORY DISCIPLINE. 

Upon the arrival of such a hoy at the reformatory the daily routine 
of his life is changed. He is under strict discipline all the time. 
He is well fed and well clothed, has a comfortable place to sleep in, 
has his hours of recreation, and his nurses when he is sick. But he 
must go to school. He must work a portion of each day at some 
useful occupation, during the course of which he will learn one or 
more trades by which he may earn his living after he leaves the 
school. He is in a school, the rules of which are more numerous 
and exact than the laws of the State. His breaking of these rules 
is surer of detection and is followed by penalties swifter and more 
certain than imposed for the breaking of the laws of the State. His 
privileges in the school and his release from it on his “honor,” depend 
upon his cheerful yielding to wholesome discipline, upon his industry 
in the school or at whatever work to which he has been assigned, 
upon his treatment of his associates and obedience to those in author¬ 
ity over him, upon his truthfulness and trustworthiness, his honesty 
and manly qualities generally. When he has thoroughly reformed 
and yields to the rules that obedience, for lack of which to the laws 
of the State he was. sent to the school, he is prepared to return to 
his home, if he has one, and it is a proper one, or a proper one can 
be procured for him. 

MORAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION. 

The training that must be relied upon to bring about the change 
in character does not differ from the training that develops character 
and ability in the case of the normal individual. No industrial 
school or reformatory possesses copyright methods of moral training. 
It endeavors only to supply those things that the boy has failed to 
receive in his earlier training. Among the very common neglects 
of his early life is that of school attendance. To make up for this, 
the boy is placed in school. 

Many agencies are operating to drag children down. Homes 
broken by death, divorce, and desertion; parents utterly unfit for 
parenthood; stepfathers and stepmothers who have no love for 
their unfortunate stepchildren; evil companionship, poverty, and 
other forces are busily recruiting ranks of the delinquent class 
who must be cared for in this school. The one great universal 
defect is moral weakness. There is some mental, some physical 
delinquency, but every boy sent us is weak morally. He has 
little or no conscience. A man without a moral conscience is a 
bad citizen. The delinquent boy was never trained to feel the sinful¬ 
ness of wrongdoing. His only concern is not to get caught. He 
fully agrees with the boy who said: “A lie is a very present help in 
time of trouble.” With their disposition to profanity, untruthful¬ 
ness, and larceny, inherited from several generations, we have a stu¬ 
pendous task set us so to teach, train, influence, direct, and reform them 
in the short space of time, that they may go forth and develop into 
good men. We can report 75 per cent doing well—some better than 
others—but so many at least are making a manly effort to keep their 
parole agreements. Some of these will probably lapse, and others not 
doing well will probably improve. Most of the boys going out really 
want to live a better life. They promise to keep out of evil ways, and 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


39 


are honest in their promises, blit many are too weak morally to stand 
out against the temptations of life. The social side of the boy’s life 
is carefully looked after. This is done not only with a view of keeping 
his interest alive, but of making him overcome any diffidence he may 
have about meeting people. When the boy feels that he can do some¬ 
thing he is more encouraged to mingle among people, and is thus able 
to gain friendship for himself. 

CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. 

Boys are born with certain physical characteristics. These charac¬ 
teristics persist with the utmost tenacity. It is equally true that boys 
are born with certain intellectual aptitudes. These likewise are per¬ 
sistent, but capable of improvement; yet it is true that the lack of 
certain mental activities may never be overcome, however skilled the 
training. As it is with the physical and intellectual, so it is with the 
moral. The lack of certain moral sensibilities is as inherent, funda¬ 
mental, and persistent as either physical or mental characteristics. 
As the moral qualities are more elusive, so the change through moral 
training becomes more difficult and the results less apparent. This, 
however, is the problem of the industrial school or reformatory. Into 
this institution are placed the most hopeless cases to be found in the 
population of the State; those that society, the church, the schools, 
and the courts have failed to save. The industrial school must do 
what all these forces have failed to do, or it has done nothing. The 
terrific force of inherited tendency to crime, the blighting influence of 
vicious homes and vicious companions must all be met and conquered 
by the training and education of the industrial school. Every boy 
that is received within its doors is the resultant of the two great forces 
of heredity and environment. If the former predominates, the task of 
reclaiming, though not a hopeless one, is one of extreme difficulty— 
in fact, is not certain of having been accomplished so long as healthy 
activity remains—for relapses may occur under great temptation, 
even after years of successful resistance. 

The increasing extent of juvenile depravity is one of the startling 
facts that the published data of modern investigation reveal. The 
vicious, criminal, and immoral lives led by some boys emphasize the 
fact that familiarity with crime and association with criminals make 
the street, rather than the home and school and church, the teacher of 
youth. The influence of vicious and improvident homes, where boys 
of tender years are allowed to come in contact with crime in its most 
revolting aspect, is an important factor in placing the responsibility 
for a large portion of juvenile delinquency where it belongs. The law 
can not be depended upon to regulate these things. With a strange 
persistency.it continues to deal with the offense instead of the offender, 
although it is for the good of the latter that the laws are made. 

PAROLE FROM INSTITUTIONS. 

It is morally certain that a boy or man who can or will not earn his 
release or parole from reformatory institutions by obedience to their 
just and easy rules, when he is exempt from the perplexities and uncer¬ 
tainties and inequalities and injustices of the world, will not obey 
those laws which the world at large establishes as its rule for its 


40 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

security. Since the boy’s reform is only partially effected when 
paroled, and since the one and only purpose of schools is to accom¬ 
plish the boy’s reform, it is easy to appreciate the importance of care¬ 
ful and faithful supervision of the boy while on parole. As much 
depends on the kind of a home he is to have, it is necessary to nrnke 
an investigation of the home. Statistics show that the great majority 
of our boys come from poor homes—homes of poverty and moral 
neglect; homes where death, divorce, and desertion have robbed the 
children of everything that is supposed to make home sweet. About 
30 per cent of the boys are entirely homeless, while many others would 
be better off were they homeless also. In respect to the home, there 
are three classes of boys: First, those who have fairly good homes; 
second, those who have no homes; third, those who have wretched 
homes. The problem is to deal with the latter. Boys who have good 
homes can return there. Boys who have no homes can be homed 
with good people; but those of the wretched homes clamor to go back, 
and the misguided parent pleads to have them, while to send them 
back is but to have them returned in a short time. 

THE CRITICAL TIME. 

The critical time is when the inmate leaves the institution to begin 
life in the world. Boys over 15, with new cravings and development 
of social interests, are much less likely to be contented with farm life 
than younger children. It is necessary to follow up, advise, assist, 
and restrain boys on parole. With none to advise and encourage them 
they may become discouraged and fall. 

Some boys on leaving are lost track of at once. Some of these are 
the best, some are the worst. They may be ashamed to have it known 
that they were ever in the custody of the courts, and would rather 
have their name changed than to have it known that they were ever 
in a reform school. But the great majority are willing to have the 
truth known. In many schools it is claimed that 70 per cent are 
reformed and 30 per cent go down. Thirty per cent is a small num¬ 
ber when it is remembered that there are charges against everyone 
sent to an institution. 

SOME RELEASED TOO SOON. 

There is a feeling among those in charge of reformatories that some 
of the inmates are released too soon; although their time is up, they 
have not been molded sufficiently to withstand temptation. The 
superintendent of a reformatory should be allowed to decide such 
cases. No person, no matter at what age, should be allowed freedom 
unless there be reasonable probability that he will not be dangerous 
to life, property, or public peace. 

Every inmate leaving a reformatory should be made to feel and 
understand that he has left a home to which he can always return 
should temptation prove too much for him in life’s struggle. Some 
boys sent to the school reach the age when they must be released under 
the law before the work of reformation sought to be secured, and 
greatly to be desired, has been accomplished in their cases. Any boy 
committed to the reform school who has not attained his “honor” 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


41 


should not be released, but be sent to tlie reformatory on an indeter¬ 
minate sentence to remain there until, under the rules of that insti¬ 
tution, he has earned by his good conduct his release, or having 
proven by his bad conduct that he is irreclaimable, be sent to prison. 

THE GIRLS’ INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 

The industrial school for girls is not a house of correction, but is 
designed as a refuge for girls between the ages of 6 and 21 years, who, 
by force of circumstances or associations, are in manifest danger of 
becoming outcasts of society. It is not a place of punishment to 
which its inmates are sent as criminals—but a home for the friendless, 
neglected, and vagrant children, where, under the genial influences of 
kind treatment and physical and moral training, they may be won 
back to ways of virtue and respectability and fitted for positions of 
honorable self-support and lives of usefulness. 

Girls committed to the school become wards of the State. By the 
act of commitment fathers and mothers lose their parental rights 
and responsibilities; and the board of trustees, with the principal 
matrons, assistant matrons, and teachers, in behalf of the State, 
become as parents to the children. In one institution there has been 
received 1,030 girls, all coming under the head of delinquents, and of 
all colors, conditions, and nationalities. 

Many of the girls were not naturally vicious, but have either been 
led into wrongdoing by those older and of stronger mind or have 
been forced into it by home conditions. The homes that most of our 
girls come from and the kind of parents they have could not well 
bring about other results. Sometimes it is the ignorance of parents, 
sometimes the avarice, and often the viciousness brought about by 
drunkenness, which is the potent factor. 

MOST GIRLS READILY RESPOND TO GOOD TREATMENT. 

Girls respond physically, mentally, and morally to the orderly life 
of the school. As they are at an impressionable age and free from 
distraction, they are easily led to accept their duties in the industrial 
and book schools. This work becomes a pleasurable outlet for their 
energies. To many of them on arrival cleanliness is a stranger, and it 
is not easy to reconcile them to the rules in this respect. In the mat¬ 
ter of classification, about one in ten passes to the lowest grade, and 
only a half dozen of these are persistently recalcitrant. Upon the 
whole, they are more amenable to the lighter forms of discipline than 
older girls. Although the impulse to run away overcomes them more 
readily than older girls, it is nevertheless true that they hold less 
fixedly in mind the idea of getting their freedom and show a contented¬ 
ness with their daily life after the period of quarantine is over. The 
habits of the younger girls are not so fixed as in older girls. They are 
more amenable to lighter forms of discipline than older girls; more 
curious, hence more easily interested and pleased; they talk less of 
getting their freedom; they are more active and less ready to settle 
down to steady habits of work; they are all backward in school; they 
are able to concentrate attention for only a short period of time; few 
know how to dust, sweep, wash, cook, or sew; they must be taught 
the common decencies of life. 


42 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

METHODS OF REFORMATION OF GIRLS. 

The aim is to develop healthy bodily and mental activities. There 
is little of repression. The effort is to hold in check, and if possible to 
eliminate, vicious tendencies by fostering a healthy development of 
the physical and mental and moral life. The means to this end may 
be described under the following three divisions: 

(a) Physical culture .—A careful examination of each girl is made 
by a competent physician soon after her arrival. Calisthenics and 
gymnastic exercises suited to her years and bodily conditions are 
prescribed by the instructor in physical culture, and practiced in a 
well-equipped gymnasium. 

(b) Educational work .—The object of the educational work is to 
arouse interest and to develop skill in all that pertains to the manage¬ 
ment of an ordinary household, and to give to all the best common 
school education. 

(c) Moral instruction .—The moral instruction is enforced by 
practice and example rather than by precept. The officers and 
teachers are all selected with reference to their personal qualifications 
and influence upon the girls of the every-day life of the institution. 
Girls upon admission are kept apart from the other inmates until 
their characters and habits are ascertained, and are then placed in one 
cottage or another, according to their characteristics. Corporal pun¬ 
ishment is prohibited. For disciplinary purposes, resort is had to 
withdrawal of some privilege or opportunity which would be prized. 
In the rare instances in which anything further is required, there is 
seclusion in well-lighted isolated rooms under medical observation, 
with light but nutritious diet and regular outdoor exercise. 

There is hope for the girl with an uncontrolled temper, habits of 
petty thieving, and sexual weakness. Such a girl will have upsets, 
but she needs some one to sympathize with her and guide her. She 
is not troubled with inertia. The typical profligate is contented and 
soft. Some girls, like their parents, are so crude and ignorant and 
have so low a standard of life, that if they can be made morally 
decent and able to earn a living, little more can be expected. 

When institution girls are sent out, they feel more responsible to 
strangers than to their parents or relatives at home; they are often 
sent to strangers first before being returned to the freedom of their 
own home, where they may not feel obliged to do their best. 

It is the belief of many that a girl should be in an institution for at 
least three years, but that she should be given repeated trials, for 
long seclusion does not fit her for the outside world; correction can not 
be consummated in an institution where the life is necessarily one of 
rule and routine and where personal responsibility is very limited. 

SUGGESTIONS TO EMPLOYERS OF GIRLS ON PAROLE. 

While these suggestions are special, many would he useful in 
general: 

1. Do not expect the girl to know how to do all kinds of work. 
She needs teaching, and in this you must be patient and give her 
encouragement. 

2. She must be taught neatness in everything, and to keep all 
rooms in perfect order, and under no circumstances be permitted to 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 43 

have her own room untidy or in confusion. She should also be 
taught to keep her own clothes in perfect order, clean, and whole. 

3. She must be respectful and ladylike in her bearing and lan¬ 

guage, and no one about the house should use improper language 
in her presence. • 

4. It is expected that she will attend church when convenient. 
Great care should be taken as to her associates, and she must not 
go out evenings except in company with some member of the family 
or with some friend in whom you have the utmost confidence. 

5. Do not seek to draw from her information as to her past life, 
and never refer to her disparagingly concerning that life, if you have 
occasion to chide or reprove her. 

6. While you should give her your confidence and let her feel that 
you trust her, yet do not throw temptations in her way. 

7. Do not try to impress upon her mind that she must be watched 
everywhere that she goes, but at all times let her feel by your exam¬ 
ple and advice that she can not by any conduct afford to court crit¬ 
icism or let the faintest suspicion of wrong arise. 

8. She is to have the privilege of unrestricted correspondence with 
the officers of the home. The employer is not expected to read her 
letters. Every letter she writes must be sent to the home. If she 
receives any letters which have not been sent to the home they 
must be forwarded at once, without breaking the seal, to the home 
visitor. 

9. That portion of her wages that you are to pay her must be 
paid weekly in cash, the reserve fund, as per contract, to be remitted 
to the home monthly. 

10. In case of sickness, if it is serious, notify the superintendent 
and see that she does not suffer for lack of medical attendance. 

11. In case of male inmates in the family let care be observed as 
to sleeping apartments, so that her room may not be accessible with¬ 
out your knowledge. This is the most important feature in all your 
duties relative to the proper care for the girl intrusted to you. 

12. Study the girl’s disposition, and we recommend that while you 
are firm in your discipline you at the same time show a motherly 
interest in the girl’s welfare that shall win her confidence. 

V.—UNRULY, VAGABOND, AND CRIMINAL CHILDREN. 

It may not be without value to give the results of some studies 
of children, illustrating the close relation between unruliness, vaga¬ 
bondage, and crime. 

The main cause of unruliness is perhaps the ignorance or neglect 
of parents. The child disobeys the parent and runs away from 
home, disobeys both parent and teacher and plays truant, tending 
toward vagabondage, which in turn leads to crime. 

The unruly child can be destructive, indolent, malicious, violent, 
a liar, thief, assassin, and degenerate. Before giving illustrative 
cases a few facts as to unruly children in general may be noted. 

In a study of the Washington school children by the writer, it 
was found that unruly boys have less height, sitting height, and 
weight than boys in general and are also inferior in head circum¬ 
ference. 


44 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

It was also found that the unruly boys (that is, those unruly most 
of the time) constituted more than 5 per cent of all the boys. Un¬ 
ruliness increases with age, as does laziness, reaching its maximum at 
fourteen. The number of unruly girls is so small as to be insignificant. 

Unruliness increases with age. Crime also increases with age. 
A much larger proportion of boys are criminals than girls; a similar, 
if not greater, proportion of boys are unruly. 



• Boys. 

Girls. 

Nearest age. 

Whole 

number. 

Unruly. 

Lazy. 

Whole 

number. 

Unruly. 

Lazy. 

All ages. 

7,953 

147 

533 

Per cent. 
5.47 

Per cent. 
1.33 

8,520 

131 

Per cent. 
0.25 

Per cent. 
0.22 

Six 

2. 72 

.68 



Seven. 

3.38 

. 19 

508 

.39 


Eight. 

787 

3.81 

.26 

754 

.13 

..‘39 

Nine.. 

878 

4.56 

.68 

883 

.11 

.11 

Ten. 

930 

4. 84 

1. 40 

939 

.21 


Eleven. 

862 

6. 84 

1. 51 

931 

.43 

.21 

Twelve. 

986 

7.20 

1. 52 

876 

.23 

.34 

Thirteen. 

926 

6.70 

1. 73 

966 

.31 

.10 

Fourteen. 

784 

8.16 

2.17 

833 

.12 

.60 

Fifteen.■. 

528 

5.87 

1. 70 

655 

.61 

.61 

Sixteen and over 

592 

1.86 

2.20 

1,044 

.10 





The first manifestation of theft in children is in the family, where 
they take little things; then money. Such thefts are not always 
regarded seriously, it being supposed the child will outgrow the 
propensity. But it will not be long before such a child, when good 
opportunity comes and the habit at home has made it bold enough, 
will steal from others. Thus the child, if not severely reprimanded, 
believing itself to be beyond punishment, begins to steal at school 
where it may not run any great risk. Having reached this stage, it 
is but a step to steal generally. 

In every large school there are a small number of unruly children, 
who are the plague of the school, who take a great deal of the time 
of the teacher, as well as testing his patience. Kind treatment and 
persuasion are in vain; only force has any effect, and that may be 
temporary. They run away from school, steal all sorts of things, 
they are coarse, insolent, always ready for a fight. 

In class they are the cause of continual disorder; they are not only 
lazy, but refuse to work. They are impulsive and irritable; will not 
allow anyone to controvert their ideas. They rise up without reason, 
talk loud, and rebuke their comrades or teachers. Such children 
are abnormal, if not criminal, and need special care and training, 
otherwise they may spend some of their life in prison. They should 
not be allowed to contaminate the other pupils and should be placed 
in special schools. They may be incapable of controlling themselves; 
they seem to be unstable in all their ways, mental and physical. 
They can not control their attention; they no more than commence 
to read than they wish to write or cipher; even in their plays they 
pass quickly from one game to another. 

The destructive impulse is common in children, especially unruly 
children. By education and training it is usually controlled. But 
in certain cases this impulse is only temporarily suppressed and 
may manifest itself at the least provocation. 

One child escaped from school through a window, jumped over a 
fence into a neighboring yard, and threw stones at the girls’ school 




























CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


45 


and broke several windows. The child had no motive. It simply 
wanted to satisfy its desire for destruction. 

Some children have in addition to their destructive impulse a 
desire to molest others, by insulting them. One child used to go 
daily to a fruit store near school and make a noise in front of the 
store without any motive. One day he took dirt from the gutter, 
and he threw it into the store. 

When such children are questioned as to their motives, they invent 
motives or excuses, or hesitate and say they don’t know. Some 
seem surprised that they should be asked to explain. 

No. 1. She was 9 years old, blond, long head (dolicocephalic), 
blue eyes, orbital arches prominent, flat nose, giving her a mongolian 
face. She was lame and walked with a crutch. She was an alco¬ 
holic; coarse in her language, cynical and lewd, malicious, tricky, 
easily made angry, striking her associates without reason, and amus¬ 
ing herself by tripping them up with her crutch. 

There are violent children who show their propensities under 
slight provocation, as in a quarrel with a comrade; it seems to be 
impossible for them to control their temper. Others, however, act 
with premeditation and reflection. A certain child had a quarrel 
with one of his schoolmates. The teacher interfered, and the trouble 
seemed to be ended; but during recess the child procured a bottle 
and struck his comrade a dangerous blow on the neck. 

The most of children who are vagabonds are, according to Lau¬ 
rent, not forced from necessity to run away from home. They 
are generally below the average age mentally; school work is difficult 
and odious to them. They commence to play truant and gradually 
remain away from school longer and longer. They undoubtedly 
find much pleasure in roaming about in liberty, free from reprimands 
of teachers and parents, free also to indulge themselves in all their 
vices. 

It is almost always in summer they run away, sleeping on a bench, 
in a woodshed, lumber yard, or in some old abandoned building, and 
especially any place easy to enter without danger. Buildings near 
the canal are especially sought, where they can find fruit to eat, beg¬ 
ging or stealing for the rest of their food. 

The necessity of food makes every vagabond a beggar, and often 
a thief. While some children beg in a state of vagabondage, others 
beg occasionally, out of school hours, in order to buy some candy or 
other dainty. Others are forced to beg by their parents, who accom¬ 
pany them, or rent them out to others. But, as before mentioned, 
few children are forced into such life. As will be seen, vagabondage 
is a dangerous habit, leading to a criminal career. 

Vagabonds and beggars constitute a large proportion of the chil¬ 
dren arrested by the police. In large cities the street is a school for 
vagabondage, implanting immorality in the nature of the child. 

Vagabondage depends sometimes on temperament. It may be 
due to accident or poverty. Two things can hold the child home: 
Solicitude on the part of the parents and the attraction of the fireside. 
But when parents are indifferent or occupied away from home, 
when the fireside is sad and cold, the child may find the street more 
hospitable. 

No. 2. He was arrested at about 11 o’clock at night at the door of 
a theater. He showed no sign of degeneracy in himself nor in his 


46 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


antecedents; was 12 years of age. He could not write and could 
read only with difficulty. During the daytime his parents could not 
exercise much supervision over him, of which fact he took advantage, 
staying away from school and becoming a vagabond in the streets 
of the city, where he always found little comrades to play with him. 
His great desire was to become a large boy and to work and earn his 
living, but he had no idea of the trade he wished to follow. 

This case approaches those who desire no more to go to school, 
but to work in the country, considering a sojourn in the country a 
supreme pleasure. But those brought up in the country, who are 
discontent with their lot, desire to live in the city and work. 

No. 3. This boy was illiterate; always a poor pupil; when not con¬ 
tent with his parents, he would leave them two or three months. 
He would go to the railroad station and open the doors of carriages; 
for this he always received something, sometimes as much as a dollar 
a day. He would sleep in empty cars or bags. He did not desire to 
go* to school any more where he is ordered about, where the teacher 
is bad or untruthful, because he said it was very bad in prison; but 
he had been in a reformatory and knew that the teacher’s statement 
was in all points inexact. 

No. 4. This boy (10 years of age) had a number of signs of degene¬ 
ration as in form of his ears, defective palate, teeth badly implanted. 
He was small for his age. He spent his time in the country with 
bad boys and declared he wanted to be an Indian and an assassin; 
the prospect of prison life or even the gallows did not frighten him. 
He was the son of an alcoholic. 

No. 5. He was obviously a degenerate, 9 years old. His mother 
had four children, three of whom were born at the seventh month. 
He had convulsions and a violent temper. At 9 years of age he was 
vicious, and it was necessary to separate him from the others, whom 
he would strike or whose clothes he would tear; sometimes he would 
run into the class right in the midst of the lesson; he would imitate 
the movements of one swimming. During the night, when partially 
asleep, he would shake his head and would not awaken even if the 
wall was pounded upon. 

No. 6. He had the typhoid fever and the convulsions when young; 
he invented unreasonable stories for the sole purpose of making 
others believe them. He simulated disease, and even pretended he 
tried to commit suicide. He stole from his employer, in small sums 
so that it was some time before he was discovered; he stole from 
his parents; one day he took a watch which he sold, spending the 
money stupidly. His conduct was very bad at school. 

No. 7. She was a girl of 15; she would not stay at home; she would 
go out to the theater, to the concert; her dream was to hear Carmen, 
she was very coquettish and proud of her person, she desired to learn 
music. She was placed in a store and did well. It was only her 
home she did not like, and especially on Sunday. 

No. 8. She was a vagabond; she stole by calculation, and because 
that brought her money. “I prefer,” said she, “to gain four dollars 
a day instead of one.” She considered this all' right. Nothing 
seemed to her more natural than to have lovers, and she could not 
comprehend why this should be forbidden. She was the despair of 
her family, who were honest working people, whose other children 
conducted themselves rightly. 


47 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

VI.—A REFORMATORY AS A LABORATORY. 

Since at least a majority of the inmates of a reformatory are nor¬ 
mal, their crime being due rather to their unfortunate surroundings 
than to their inward natures, and since abnormal persons—that is, 
those positively abnormal in at least a few respects—are neverthe¬ 
less normal in most things, whatever therefore may be found true 
of the inmates may be true to a large extent of all young persons 
brought up in similar conditions of life. 

STUDY OF HUMANITY. 

Thus the study of the inmates of a reformatory and the results of 
such investigation can be of use to the whole community, at whose 
expense the reformatory is supported. It is therefore not unjust or 
unreasonable to make the reformatory a humanitarian laboratory 
for purposes of study, provided no injury be done the inmates. 

We desire to present the results of study of a reformatory, 0 with 
special reference to the previous family conditions of the inmates. 

The special value of the investigation of a single reformatory lies 
in the probability that what is found true of the youth there con¬ 
fined is true in general of those confined in other reformatories. 

DEFECTIVE FAMILY LIFE. 

By examination of Table 1 it will be noted that 223 inmates have 
incomplete families; that is, they are deprived of father or mother, or 
of both parents. There are 18 whose fathers married again, and 18 
cases in which the mother married again. A preference for children 
of first marriage is well known. Despised and maltreated, a child 
may leave home when it is the subject of dispute between its parents. 
Instead of trying to win the child, the stepmother may consider 
it fortunate to have got rid of the child, which is not hers, and which 
is an expense to rear. Thus cast into the street, the little unfortunate 
falls into bad surroundings, which soon bring it before the court. 

The condition of the majority of these inmates is worse than that 
of orphans. 

Table 1 .—Families of 385 young criminals. 

LEGITIMATE CHILDREN. 


Having father and mother. 162 

Father dead: 

Mother remains widow. ... 42 

Mother remarries. 18 

Mother lives in concubinage. 6 

- 66 

Mother dead: 

Father remains widower. 41 

Father is remarried. 18 

Father lives in concubinage. 2 

- 61 

Mother and father dead: 

Cared for by relatives.*. 10 

Supported by charity.:.. 4 

Abandoned. 8 

-22 

Father separated from the family... 21 

Mother separated from the family. 5 

Both parents living in concubinage. 6 

- 32 

Both parents having disappeared. 3 


a The data are given by Raux. 

















48 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN NOT RECOGNIZED. 


Mother not married. 

Mother married. 

Mother dead: 

Cared for by charity. 

Abandoned. 

Intrusted to relatives. 

Mother living in concubinage... 

Mother married (1); mother living in concubinage (1) 


34 

2 


RECOGNIZED. 

Children found abandoned, parentage unknown. 3 

Nearly half the inmates are deprived either of father or mother. 
This is easily explained, when we consider that the death or desertion 
of the father almost always deprives the family of means of subsist¬ 
ence and causes the mother to marry again, or sometimes to live in 
concubinage, or to resort to begging or even to prostitution in order to 
obtain the necessities of life. The death of the mother deprives the 
child of that gentle influence (that woman alone can exercise over her 
offspring). The absence of the father during the day is also unfavor¬ 
able for the children, practically leaving them to themselves without 
proper supervision and control; or, still worse, the father may be 
brutal, a drunkard, or a degenerate. Only 162 of these children had 
father and mother at the time of arrest. 


Table 2. —Moral condition of the families. 


Per 

cent. 

Parents of good reputation. 127 36 

Parents of doubtful reputation. 138 

Parents of bad reputation. 49 

Parents convicted of crime: 187 52 

Father. 22 

Mother. 9 

Father and mother. 11 

- 42 12 


As shown in Table 2, it was possible to obtain data on the moral 
conditions of 356 out of the 385 inmates. Of the families supposed to 
be of good reputation, it may be remarked that this means only that 
no complaints had been found against them. 

Forty-two children had parents convicted of crime. This is less 
than the real number, for in families without fixed domicile, leading 
the life of vagrants, their past is often unknown, and it is probable 
that many of them have committed crime. The antecedents of such 
families, when discovered, are usually deplorable. As the table 
shows, nearly two-thirds of the inmates come from families of bad 
morals. It is not reasonable to expect that these 229 children (64 
per cent) could become good citizens under such conditions. 


DRUNKENNESS AND LAZINESS OF PARENTS. 

The child is a natural imitator, following the acts of its parents. 
Under immoral and degraded conditions it can hardly learn to love 
the good and to despise evil. In many families drunkenness is so 
common that the child considers it a natural condition, and later may 
















CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


49 


be proud of imitating its father. Sometimes the mother is an alco¬ 
holic, using improper language in the presence of the children. Other 
parents are incurably lazy, making their children beg, in order to 
support them, or causing them to earn a livelihood as early as possible 
at whatever will bring the greatest return, without regard to the 
pernicious influence of some classes of labor upon the mind and body 
of the child. Many children become conscious that they are simply 
the victims of the idleness of their parents and leave their so-called 
homes to shift for themselves, seeking new relations, which sooner or 
later may lead them into vagabondage and crime. 

Table 3.— Some sociolological conditions of families. 


Parents resided in cities. 254 

Parents resided in the country. 131 

Parents had resources other than the product of their labor. 23 

Parents lived exclusively on the product of their labor. 256 

Parents were deprived of all means of existence. 87 


The fact that only 23 had families in comfortable circumstances 
suggests how much the conduct of a child depends upon the well¬ 
being of the family; how much means sufficient to afford a child a 
good education is a great protection from vice. 

The 256 whose parents lived exclusively from their own efforts 
consisted of day laborers. They live from hand to mouth; their 
wages are barely sufficient to support a family; frequently the 
mother is compelled to go out to work, leaving the children in the 
care of a neighbor or of the older children. Such long hours of 
absence of the parents weakens parental control; the children live 
more or less to themselves, and, like their parents, remain away from 
home and contract the habits of vagabondage. 

In some families the father’s employment is not regular; when out 
of work he frequents the saloon and spends his money, just at the 
time he needs it most for the necessities of life, often forcing his family 
into poverty, with all its accompanying temptations and evils. 

The 87 whose parents are without means of subsistence include 
the most vile and corrupt, prostitute mothers, or mothers in concu¬ 
binage, living in immorality or debauchery. 


Table 4.— Moral conditions in the family. 


Those under good supervision. 51 

Those under feeble supervision. 90 

Those under ineffectual supervision. 44 

Those under brutal supervision. 24 

-158 

Those morally abandoned. 98 

Those completely abandoned. 47 

- 145 

Those incited to crime by example of parents. 15 

Those committing crime under instigation of and complicity with their 

parents. 16 

- 31 


Per 

cent. 

13 

41 

38 

8 


Of the children in this reformatory, 158 (41 per cent) had received 
little or no care. Some, on the other hand, were indulged by their 
parents, being allowed to have their own way, often leaving home 
for purposes of marauding or vagabondage. These, 90 in all, were 
under feeble supervision. 

30923—08-4 















50 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Those under brutal supervision preferred to remain in the reforma¬ 
tory rather than return to their parents. What blame can be attached 
to a child living under such conditions? As an illustration we will 
give the facts concerning one of the inmates. 

CRUEL FAMILY CONDITIONS. 

The father had married a second time. A child by the second mar¬ 
riage received all the favors of the mother. The child of the first 
marriage was slighted, scolded, and detested by his stepmother, who 
showed her aversion by prejudicing the father against his son, so that 
he received only reproacnes and chastisement. Deprived of the 
necessities of life and harassed by ill treatment, he resorted to maraud¬ 
ing, which only increased the father’s anger. Often the child would 
not come home till very late at night. The parents, at the end of 
these escapades which they themselves provoked, used their ingenu¬ 
ity in devising punishment to subdue the young vagabond, some¬ 
times suspending him by a rope and a pulley, raising him high and 
then letting him fall to the ground heavily; sometimes stripping and 
flogging him until blood was drawn. New punishments were in¬ 
vented in order to conquer the child, but it resulted only in further 
revolt. Finally the father, blinded by fury and incited by the step¬ 
mother, tried to strike his son with a hatchet, but was prevented by 
a neighbor who heard his screams. After this the boy left his par¬ 
ents; was without food and poorly clothed. He sought work every¬ 
where, but in vain. After two days he was arrested for begging and 
sent to the reformatory. 

The last was really the boy’s only salvation; but who can reproach 
him? He had the misfortune to have a brutal father. Why, then, 
should he be called into court and be publicly branded as a criminal, 
even though the object of the arrest is educational correction? The 
public, who never heard of him until now, will always remember him 
as having been brought into court and sent to prison. 

CHILDHOOD YIELDS MORE EASILY TO EVIL THAN GOOD. 

It is sad to admit that of these 385 children only 13 per cent 
(51; Table 4) had received the care and affection they had a right to 
expect. 

It seems rational that these 51 children should have become good 
citizens. They, however, did not fulfill the hopes of their parents. 
There is a tendency to believe that such children have inborn crim¬ 
inal instincts to such an extent as to predestine them to evil. A 
child’s nature may be said to consist of instincts, predispositions, or 
faculties, etc., a bundle of intellectual and moral tendencies, which, 
developed in the good, are called “ virtue,” “good character,” etc. 
The employment of these tendencies or forces—that is, habit—in¬ 
creases their power. But during infancy and childhood these 
forces offer little resistance to evil. It is for this reason that some 
children who seem to be following the right path suddenly depart 
from it and destroy the reputation their good conduct and qualities 
had made. 

While unfavorable surroundings easily make a good child bad, 
with favorable surroundings it is much more difficult to make a bad 
child good. Vices seem to act like diseases. They take hold quickly, 
but disappear slowly. 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


51 


AN UNDESIRABLE EXPERIMENT. 

If children of the rich or middle classes were placed in families 
similar to those of the inmates of reformatories, and if reformatory 
children were put in families of the rich or the well-to-do, this double 
substitution would probably have immediate effect. The children 
of the well-to-do would soon lose the effects of their early education 
and become bad subjects. But those formerly under bad but now 
under good conditions might improve slowly and with difficulty. 

No one, however, would care to make such an experiment, lest 
every child placed in conditions of existence similar to those of the 
inmates of the reformatory might become vicious and criminal. It 
may be said that society merits the crime it originates. 

According to Table 5, 13 are under 10 years of age, 81 range from 10 to 12 years of 
age, and 291 from 13 to 16 years. 


Table 5. —Classification according to age. a 




Per 



Per 



cent. 



cent. 

6 years. 

. 1 


12 years. 

. 37 


7 years. 




- 81 

21 

8 years. 

.. 3 


13 vears. 

. 56 


9 years. 

. 9 


14 years. 

. 77 



- 13 

3 

15 years. 

. 121 


10 years. 

. 15 


16 years. 

. 37 


11 years.. 

. 29 



- 291 

76 


It will be noticed that the number of inmates increases continually 
until 15 years. This is to be expected, because the physical develop¬ 
ment goes along with the development or the child’s faculties, which, 
if occurring in vicious surroundings, results in a development of vice. 

According to Raux, no child 12 years of age or under, should be 
sent to a reformatory, but should be cared for by public charity. 
Placed in a family, such a child finds conditions better adapted to its 
needs, because in a reformatory a rigid discipline is necessary, to 
which it is cruel to submit the very young whose chief need is maternal 
care. 

Table 6. —Conduct of inmates 

Conduct good.. 

Conduct fair.. 

Conduct bad. 

Previously arrested or convicted: 

Once. 

Twice. 40 

Three times. 7 

More than three times. 10 

125 32 

The 125 previously arrested come mainly from the cities where 
living in the streets is common and tends to leaving domicile entirely 
and joining bands of thieves and vagabonds. These fresh recruits, 
strong and inexperienced, are assigned the role where there is the 
most danger and where most audacity is required. If caught, their 
youth and the fact it may be their first offense will mitigate their 
punishment. 


Per 

cent. 

60 16 

65 16 

138 36 


Age at entering the reformatory. 






















52 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


If we add to these 125 the 138 whose conduct was bad, we have 
263 fundamentally vicious, or two-thirds of the whole. 


Table 7. —Education of the inmates. Per 

cent. 

Illiterate. 134 35 

Knowing how to read. 93 24 

Knowing how to read and write. 119 31 

Knowing how to read and write and calculate... 30 8 

Possessing a good primary education. 9 2 


Most of the 134 illiterates come from 125 previously convicted 
and 145 abandoned children. The abandonment of a child almost 
always produces an habitual and ignorant criminal. The absence 
of all supervision leaves the child to its own instincts, which is to 
run in the streets and fields and not to go to school. 

EDUCATION AND CRIME. 

The lack of education is not the cause of crime, but is due mainly 
to bad social conditions, which are the cause of both ignorance and 
crime. Yet, notwithstanding this general truth, education doubtless 
tends to lessen crime. Good social conditions both lessen crime and 
increase education, so that the better educated children are the less 
criminal, but not on account of their education, as is sometimes 
claimed. Bad social conditions are the chief cause of crime. 

Table 8. —Divisions of crime. 

CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON. 


Murders, homicides. 5 

Attempts to derail trains. 2 

Assaults, wounds, injuries. 13 

Violence toward officers of the law. 6 

- 26 

Violation and attempts at violation. 6 

Crimes against decency. 28 

Outrages against decency. 13 Per 

- 47 cent. 

— 73 19 

CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY. 

Theft, qualified, complicity in, attempts at. 50 

Simple theft. 169 

Fraudulent abstraction (of papers). 2 

Abuse of confidence. 7 

Swindling and attempts at swindling. 4 

Forgery. 1 

Burglary. 3 

Escape from prison. 1 . 

- 237 61 

MIXED. 

Incendiaries. 4 

Insurrection. 3 

Vagabondage. 56 

Begging. 12 

- 75 20 


In general, children who commit grave crimes are less vicious than 
young vagabonds, for in violent or passionate natures where the 
orime, though grave, is nevertheless the result of temporary irritation 
or excitement, there is much more susceptibility to reform. 


























CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


53 


LENGTH OF SENTENCE. 

The age of 20 is considered the most favorable time to send a 
young man from the reformatory, especially where his parents offer 
no guaranty to look after him. At this age he seems best fitted to 
enjoy liberty and to resist temptation. Premature liberations have 
proven disappointing. 

LENGTH OF TIME SENTENCED. 


Less than 2 years..... 
From 2 to 3 years.... 
From 3 to 4 years.... 

From 4 to 5 years_ 

From 5 to 6 years.... 
From 6 to 7 years.... 
From 7 to 8 years 
From 8 to 9 years.... 
From 9 to 10 years.. 

For 10 years. 

For 15 years. 

Until 15 years of age 
Until 16 years of age 
Until 17 years of age 
Until 18 years of age 
Until 19 years of age 
Until 20 years of age 
Until 21 years of age 


GENERAL CONCLUSION. 


3 

. 11 

. 13 

. 17 

. 42 
3 
6 
1 
1 
! 

1 

- 99 

1 

3 

1 

. 64 ‘ 

10 

201 

6 

-286 


The inmates of this reformatory are much more unfortunate than 
guilty, coming from families the majority of which are of bad or very 
questionable morality and whose means of subsistence are either 
insufficient or wholly wanting. Disorganization of family, poverty, 
laziness, drunkenness, and debauch are the main causes of crime in 
the young. 

VII.—STATISTICS OF CHILD SUICIDE. 

The older writers scarcely mention child suicide. It was not until 
the nineteenth century that the matter was brought to the atten¬ 
tion of the public. 


FRANCE. 

In the following table of official statistics a it will be seen that 
from 1839 to 1898 juvenile suicide increased in France. 

The number of suicides given by the minister of justice is less than 
the reality, for parents are disposed to attribute the cause of death 
to some accident. Many attempts at suicide are not given truth¬ 
fully to the police, parents and school-teachers alike being inter¬ 
ested to conceal the facts. Even the police may abstain from re¬ 
porting the truth in the cases where there is no suspicion of crime. 


Statistique du Ministre de la Justice, France. 





















54 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table I. 



Years. 


All sui- 

Children under 16. 

Children from 16 to 21. 



cides. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1839. 

2,752 

20 

16 

4 

132 

80 

52 

1849. 

3,583 

20 

13 

7 

122 

76 

46 

1859 ....... 

3,899 

16 

16 


139 

94 

45 

1869 

5,114 

37 



168 



1879.. 

6,496 

8,180 

9,438 

61 

38 

23 

266 

187 

79 

1SSQ _ 

56 



392 

242 

150 

18QS 



85 



477 

273 

204 








ENGLAND. 

From Table IT, giving English official statistics, 0 it will be seen 
that there has been a relative increase of suicide for both adults and 
children from 1861 to 1890. 

From 1854 to 1856 there were in England, according to Griesinger, 6 
5,415 suicides, of which 33 were children under 10 years of age. 

Table II. 


[Per million inhabitants (England).] 


10-year period. 

All ages. 

Ages 0-10. 

Ages 0-15. 

Male. 

Female 

All. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

All. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

All. 

1861-1870.. 

99 

34 

65 

4 

3 

4 

27 

30 

29 

1871-1880. 

107 

35 

70 

4 

3 

3 

24 

26 

35 

1881-1890. 

118 

37 

77 

4 

3 

3 

29 

33 

31 


PRUSSIA. 

In Prussia 0 from 1788 to 1797 there was only 1 case of child 
suicide reported; from 1798 to 1807 there were 3 cases; and from 
1812 to 1821, 31 cases. These figures, taken in connection with the 
fact that from 1900 to 1903 1,700 children committed suicide, show 
an enormous increase. 

In Berlin d from 1818 to 1824 there were 30 suicides under 20 
years of age, 17 under 15, and 1 under 10 years of age. 


Table III. 


Berlin. 

Age 0-10. 

Age 0-15. 

Age 0-20. 

Berlin. 

Age 0-10. 

Age 0-15. 

Age 0-20. 

1818. 

1 

1 

4 

1823 . 


4 

3 

1819. 


2 

8 

1824... 


3 

6 

1820 


4 

4 





1821. 


1 

2 

Total. 

1 

17 

30 

1822. 


1 

3 






a Supplement to Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General. 
b Die Pathologie und Therapie der psyschischen Krankheiten, 1867. 
c Casper, J. L., Beitraege zur medizinischen Statistik, etc. 

; dBaer, A., Der Selbstmord, 1901. 


































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


55 


Table IV is derived from official sources, 0 and covers the period in 
Prussia from 1869 to 1898, and gives (1) the number of suicides for all 
ages, (2) the number up to 10 years of age, (3) the number from 10 to 
15 years of age, (4) all up to 15 years of age, (5) the number from 15 to 
20 years of age, (6) the number of suicides to one under 15 years of 
age, and (7) the number of inhabitants per suicide under 15 years of 
age. This table, which covers a somewhat long period, shows a gen¬ 
eral increase of suicide for all ages, except for children under 10 years. 

The increase is relatively greater in the girls than boys, especially 
at ages 10 to 15. This increase may be due to a general tendency 
toward the independence of women, as indicated by young girls going 
out more into the world of employment. Thus they encounter in 
tender years special difficulties and hardships which overburden their 
nervous systems and produce a feeling of despair. 

Table IV. 


Year. 

All suicides in Prussia. 

Age, 0-10 years. 

Age, 10-15 years. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Boys.jGirls. 

All. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

All. 

1869. 

2,570 

616 

3,186 

2 1 

1 

3 

23 

5 

28 

1870. 

2,334 

629 

2,963 

3 1 


3 

25 

5 

30 

1871. 

2,183 

540 

2,723 

1 

1 

2 

24 

7 

31 

1872. 

2,363 

587 

2,950 

4 


4 

38 

3 

41 

1873. 

2,216 

610 

2,826 

1 

1 

2 

37 

10 

47 

1874. 

2,527 

548 

3,075 

4 


4 

19 

6 

25 

1875... 

2,683 

595 

3,278 


2 

2 

26 

7 

33 

1876. 

3,189 

728 

3,917 

3 

1 

4 

39 

6 

45 

1877. 

3,559 

771 

4,330 

2 

2 

4 

33 

9 

42 

1878. 

3,827 

862 

4,689 

3 

1 

4 

37 

14 

51 

1879. 

3,729 

818 

4,547 

3 


3 

34 

8 

42 

1880. 

3,878 

891 

4,769 

4 


4 

49 

18 

67 

1881. 

4,044 

914 

4,958 

4 

1 

5 

53 

9 

62 

1882. 

4,112 

960 

5,072 

5 

1 

6 

48 

11 

59 

1883. 

4,933 

1,238 

6,171 




53 

23 

76 

1884. 

4,691 

1,209 

5,900 

2 

2 

4 

44 

19 

63 

1885. 

4,811 

1,217 

6,028- 

2 

1 

3 

35 

10 

45 

1886. 

5,047 

1,165 

6,212 

2 


2 

40 

11 

51 

1887. 

4,703 

1,195 

5,898 

2 


2 

37 

14 

51 

1888. 

4,255 

1,138 

5,393 

3 

1 

4 

55 

16 

71 

1889. 

4,430 

1,185 

5,615 

1 

1 

2 

49 

8 

57 

1890.. 

4,682 

1,283 

5,965 

2 

1 

3 

59 

13 

72 

1891. 

4,931 

' 1,269 

6,200 

1 

1 

2 

64 

15 

79 

1892. 

5,003 

1,251 

6,254 

1 

1 

2 

57 

17 

74 

1893. 

5,135 

1,274 

6,409 

4 

1 

5 

49 

14 

63 

1894. 

5,287 

1,343 

6,630 

1 

1 

1 

55 

11 

66 

1895. 

4,896 

1,278 

6,174 

4 


4 

46 

9 

55 

1896. .. 

5,073 

1,424 

6,497 

2 


2 

48 

15 

63 

1897.... 

5,117 

1,379 

6,496 

4 


4 

44 

15 

59 

1898. 

5,058 

1,303 

6,361 

3 


3 

53 

14 

67 

Total. 

121,266 

30,220 

151,486 

73 

20 

93 

1,273 

342 

1,615 

Average.. 

4,042.2 

1,007.3 

5,049.5 

2.4 

0.7 

3.1 

42.4 

11.4 

53.8 


Age, 0-15 years. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


25 

6 

28 

5 

25 

8 

42 

3 

38 

11 

23 

6 

26 

9 

42 

7 

35 

11 

40 

15 

37 

8 

53 

18 

57 

10 

53 

12 

53 

23 

46 

21 

37 

11 

42 

11 

39 

14 

58 

17 

50 

9 

61 

14 

65 

16 

58 

18 

53 

15 

56 

11 

50 

9 

50 

15 

48 

15 

56 

14 


1,346 362 


44.9 12.1 


All. 


31 

33 

33 

45 
49 
29 
35 
49 

46 
55 
45 
71 
67 
65 
76 

67 
48 
53 
53 
75 
59 

75 
81 

76 

68 
67 
59 
65 
63 
70 


1,708 


“Baer, A., Der Selbstmord, 1901. 


56.9 



































































56 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Table IV—Continued. 


Year. 


1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 
1885 
1886. 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 


Total... 
Average 


15 

Age, 


Number of suicides to 

Number (thousands) of in¬ 
habitants to one suicide 

-20 years. 

one under 15 years. 

under 15 years. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

All. 

Men. 

Women. 

All. 

Male. 

Female. 

All. 

142 

61 

203 

103 

103 | 

103 

479.8 

2,044.2 

782.6 

126 

59 

185 

83 

126 1 

90 

431.8 

2,478.9 

742.0 

125 

55 

180 

83 

68 

83 

485.8 

1,560.8 

746.4 

130 

57 

187 

56 

196 | 

66 

290.4 

4,184.1 

550.0 

118 

62 

180 

58 

55 

57 

323.6 

1,150.0 

509.2 

144 

54 

198 

no 

91 1 

106 

540.6 

2,131.2 

869.6 

156 

59 

215 

103 

66 1 

94 

484.5 

1,439. 3 

730.0 

168 

54 

222 

76 

104 

80 

304.0 

1,876. 4 

528.6 

200 

88 

288 

102 

70 

94 

370.3 

1,213.7 

571.9 

212 

87 

299 

96 

58 

85 

328.0 

901.0 

484.3 

182 

72 

254 

101 

102 

101 

358.7 

1,710. 3 

599.0 

193 

95 

288 

73 

50 

67 | 

252.5 

767.8 

383.2 

207 

97 

304 

71 

91 

74 

236.2 

1,392.2 

408.7 

258 

104 

362 

78 

80 1 

78 1 

255.5 

1,668. 4 

424.0 

271 

139 

410 

93 

54 

81 

257.1 

614.0 

365.1 

233 

128 

361 

102 

58 i 

88 

298.2 

667.8 

417.2 

245 

112 

357 

130 

111 | 

126 ! 

374.1 

1, 306.1 

587.7 

212 

114 

326 

120 

106 

117 1 

332.7 

1,319.1 

537.4 

220 

129 

349 

121 

85 

111 1 

362.1 

1,047.6 

543.2 

235 

125 

360 

73 

67 

72 

246.5 

873.0 

388.5 

278 

104 

382 

89 

132 

95 

289.5 

1,668.9 

499.8 

237 

146 

383 

77 

92 

79 

240.0 

1,084. 8 

397.7 

276 

135 

411 

76 

79 

77 

227.8 

959.9 

372.4 

337 

143 

480 

86 

69 

82 1 

258.1 

826.7 

401.3 

295 

160 

455 

97 

85 j 

94 

285.6 

1,046.3 

453.4 

330 

157 

487 

94 

122 

99 

273.8 

1,444.6 

466.0 

265 

142 

407 

98 

192 

125 I 

311.1 

1,790.5 

536.7 

283 

161 

444 

101 

95 

100 

315.8 

1,090. 3 

494.5 

293 

144 

437 

107 

92 

103 

334.1 

1,106.9 

518.1 

283 

145 

428 

90 

93 

91 

290.9 

1,204. 6 

473.8 

6,654 

3,188 

9,842 

2,747 

2,792 

2,718 

9,839.2 

42,114. 8 

15,782.2 

221.8 

106.3 

328.1 

91.2 

93.1 

90.6 

328.0 

1,403. 8 

526.1 


CAUSES OF CHILD SUICIDE SPECIAL. 

The general increase of all suicides does not correspond to that of 
child suicide in the same period. There seems to be no parallelism 
(see Table IV). This fact suggests that in the suicide of children the 
causes are not the same as in the case of adults. 

General social conditions do not seem to influence the child, but his 
immediate surroundings have much effect upon his thought and feel¬ 
ing. If the family and school life go on without reference to the 
child’s individuality and capability or in direct opposition to them, 
th^y may awaken in him a disposition to suicide. 

BOYS AND GIRLS COMPARED. 

In the thirty-year period (1869-1898) the yearly average (see Table 
IV) is 5,049.5. For the men it was 4,042.2, and for the women 
1,007.3—that is, about 80 per cent men and 20 per cent women. 
Almost the same relation exists between the sexes and the whole popu¬ 
lation in the different age periods. 

Table V .—For every 100 suicides in whole population. 


Men. 80.07 

Women. 19. 22 

Children up to 10 years: 

Boys. 78.49 

Girls. 21.51 



























































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


57 


Children 10 to 15 years: 

Boys. 

Girls... 

Children up to 15 years: 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Youth 15 to 20 years: 

Boys. 

Girls. 


79. 00 
21. 00 

78. 91 
21.09 

67. 68 
32. 32 


But it will be noticed that this relation is changed in the case of 
youth from 15 to 20 years of age, where the per cent of boys is 67.68 
and that of girls 32.32. This is at the age of puberty, when the life of 
youth is somewhat changed, affecting the girl apparently more than 
the boy. 

As just indicated, Baer makes four-fifths of child suicides boys and 
one-fifth girls. Durand Fardel® records 17 boys to 7 girls. In Leip¬ 
zig from 1882 to 1888 it was 1 girl to 9 boys. Guttstadt’s statistics 
give 240 boys and 49 girls. Morselli gives the following table: 


Table VI .—For every 1,000,000 suicides. 


Country. 

Year. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Country. 

Year. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Sweden. 

1847-1855 

3.5 

0.9 

France. 

1835-1844 

2.2 

1.2 

Denmark. 

1865-1871 

28.0 

3.0 

.do. 

1851-1860 

3.6 

1.6 

Prussia.... 

1869-1872 

10.8 

2.0 

Austria 

1852-1854 

3.7 

0.34 

Do. 

1873-1875 

10.5 

9.6 

3.2 

Italy. 

1872-1876 

3.2 

1.0 

Saxony. 

1847-1858 

2.4 

England. 

1861-1870 

4.0 

3.0 

Belgium. 

1840-1849 

1.5 

0.0 



All these children were under 17, except in England, where the ages 
were from 10 to 15. 

In Deutsch's 5 200 cases there wer,e 147 boys and 53 girls. 

Thus suicide is more frequent among boys than girls. The struggle 
for existence is more acute for boys. The excessive ambition of par¬ 
ents affects the boys more than the girls. 


AGES OF MOST SUICIDES FROM ELEVEN TO FIFTEEN. 


Between the years of 11 and 15 most of the suicides of children take 
place. Before 11 years suicide is exceptional. Here the child plays 
murder or suicide, just as it plays “ Indian .” 

In the beginning of the school year suicide is exceptional. The 
child starts out with hope. At the end of the school year vanity and 
fear of punishment may have produced their results. 


CAUSES OF SUICIDE. 

Deutsch found the causes of suicide in his 200 cases as follows: 


Table VII. 


Fear of punishment. 58 

Bite of conscience. 28 

Bad treatment. 18 

Sickness. 12 

Reading. 2 

Sorrow. 5 


Punishment. 25 

Love. 11 

Homesickness. 1 

Discontentd with calling. 5 

Unknown causes. 25 


“Annales Med. Psych. 1, 1856.. 

b Archiv fur Kinderheilkunde, 1903-4, Bd. 38, Seite 45. 














































58 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


METHOD OF SUICIDE. 

Combining Sigert’s cases with those of Deutsch, the methods of sui¬ 
cide are as follows: 

Table VIII. 

Cases. 

Drowning. 70 

Shooting. 45 

Sharp instruments. 3 

Jumping from window. 47 

Burning. 1 

VIII.—STATISTICS OF JUVENILE CRIME. 

It is sometimes said that the increase in crime at present so gener¬ 
ally established by statistics in most all countries is due to the fact 
that more criminal acts are taken cognizance of and recorded than 
formerly. While there may be some truth in this statement, it is no 
answer to the general agreement of statistics in so many different 
countries. In some countries during the last ten years the laws have 
had little or no change. 

On the other hand, where the laws have been changed, there has 
been a tendency in some instances to laxity rather than severity, 
where, as in the case of France, there was statistically a decrease in 
juvenile crime for a certain period, but in all probability there was an 
actual increase, for it was found that by the change of law, certain 
cases formally recorded as criminal, had for other reasons not been 
enrolled in the official records. (See G. Tarde, “ Revue Peniten- 
tiaire” for 1900.) 

In a Senate document a the writer has given the official statistics of 
leading nations, showing for the last thirty years a general increase in 
crime, suicide, insanity, and other forms of abnormality. 

From an examination of the tables which follow, it will be seen 
that likewise there has been an increase of juvenile crime except in a 
few countries. In many countries the data as to juvenile crime have 
not been collected. 

GERMANY. b 


Table 1 .—Number convicted for every 100,000 children from 12 to 18 years of age. 


Year. 

Number. 

Year. 

Number. 

1882. 

568 

1893. 

686 

1883. 

549 

1894... 

716 

1884 

578 

1895. . 

702 

1885. 

560 

1896. 

702 

1886. 

565 

1897. 

702 

1887. 

576 

1898. 

744 

1888. 

563 

1899. 

733 

1889. 

614 

1900. 

745 

1890. 

663 

1901... 

739 

1891. 

672 

1898-1901... 

740 

1892. 

729 



Table 1 shows on the whole a slight increase of crime relative to 
number of children from 1882 to 1901. 


a Statistics of crime, suicide, and insanity. Senate Document No. 12, Fifty-eighth 
Congress, special session. 

b Statistik des deutschen Reichs. Neue Folge, Band 146. 


Hanging. 45 

Poison. 17 

Being run over. 11 

Unknown ways. 14 











































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


59 


INCREASE OP HABITUAL CRIME. 

Table 2. —For every 100,000 children, 12 to 18 years of age. 


Number convicted. 


Year. 

Once. 

Twice. 

Three to 
five times. 

Six or 
more times 

1880. 

58 

20 

14 

1.1 

1890. 

67 

24 

15 

1.1 

1891. 

70 

26 

16 

1.4 

1892. 

76 

29 

19 

1.7 

1893. 

72 

26 

19 

2.0 

1894. 

79 

29 

22 

2.7 

1895. 

78 

29 

22 

2.4 

1896. 

77 

28 

24 

2.9 

1897. 

80 

27 

21 

2.9 

1898. 

83 

30 

23 

2.9 

1899. 

85 

29 

21 

2.7 

1900. 

82 

30 

23 

3.2 

1901. 

81 

29 

22 

2.9 


Table 2 indicates an increased tendency to habitual crime among 
the young. 

CONTRAST BETWEEN CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY AND PERSON. 


Table 3. —For every 100,000 youth 12 to 18 years of age. 


Year. 

Theft. 

Assault on person. 

Previously 

convicted. 

Not pre¬ 
viously 
convicted. 

Previously 

convicted. 

Not pre¬ 
viously 
convicted. 

1889. 

59 

282 

8.4 

76.1 

1890. 

68 

293 

10.2 

.83.6 

1891. 

69 

293 

11.1 

85.1 

1892. 

79 

318 

11.3 

90.8 

1893. 

69 

274 

13.8 

98.4 

1894. 

78 

282 

15.2 

98.7 

1895. 

74 

272 

15.1 

104.5 

1896. 

72 

268 

17.8 

105.5 

1897. 

72 

277 

18.3 

98.4 

1898. 

78 

289 

17.4 

109.7 

1900. 

75 

286 

19.4 

113.6 

1901. 

74 

280 

19.6 

116.2 

1889-1897 (average). 

71 

284 

13.5 

93.5 

Increase (+) or decrease (—). 

+ 4 

-1.5 

+5.5 

+ 19.4 

1898-1901 (average). 

75 

282.5 

19.0 

112.9 


An examination of this table shows that in theft a repetition of the 
crime is greater than in crime against the person. With a marked 
increase of assaults on the person goes naturally an increase of first 
offenders, as seen by comparing the periods 1889-1897 and 1898-1901, 
where in the latter period there is 19.4 more first offenders per 100,000 
from 12 to 18. A general reason for greater repetition of theft is that 
there is less opposition to meet with than in assault. “Once a thief, 
always a thief,” is a general truth. The habit of theft is easily formed. 
A habit of homicide could hardly be possible. 






















































60 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Table 4. —For every 100,000 children of corresponding ages there were convicted for the 

years 1894 to 1901: 


Year. 

12 to 14 
years. 

14 to 18 
years. 

18 years 
or more. 

1894. 

416 

911 

1,298 

1895. 

392 

901 

1,304 

1896. 

396 

897 

1,299 

1897. 

411 

894 

1,309 

1898. 

464 

937 

1,317 

18S9. 

462 

920 

1,295 

1900. 

489 

926 

1,247 

1901. 

451 

939 

1,322 

1894-1901. 

435 

916 

1,299 






Comparing (Table 4) the relative number of convicted children 
from 12 to 14 years of age with children of greater age, it will be seen 
that the relative amount of crime increases with age among the 
young. 

Table 5. —For every 100,000 persons of corresponding age there were convicted in years 

1894-1901. 



12 to 14 
years. 

14 to 18 
years. 

18 years 
and more. 

Theft. 

294 

402 

231 

Damaging property. 

31 

57 

47 

Assault. 

31 

190 

355 

Receiving stolen goods. 

19 

23 

23 

Embezzlement. 

14 

45 

56 

Fraud, treachery, etc. 

11 

43 

75 

Crime against morality. 

8 

31 

31 

Dangerous crime. 

6 

10 

12 

Violation of game laws, etc. 

5 

13 

30 

Disturbance of the peace. 

4 

22 

65 

Counterfeiting. 

4 

14 

15 

Insult and false accusation, libeling of officials. 

3 

29 

173 

Resistence of officer, violence, and threats. 

1.6 

21 

103 

Crime against industry. 

1.6 

6 

56 

Robbery and extortion. 

1.5 

2.5 

3.1 

Crime against life—homicide, murder, etc. 

.4 

2.4 

4.6 

Crime against religion. 

.3 

1.1 

1 

Crime against the Government. 

.01 

.5 

4.4 


From Table 5 it will be seen that with children 12 to 14 years of age 
more than two-thirds of their crime (67.6 per cent) is theft, while in 
older children 14 to 18, it is 43.9 per cent., and in those 18 or more 
years of age, it is 17.8 per cent. Theft is most frequent in young 
criminals from ages 14 to 18. 

From Table 6 it will be seen that in children from 12 to 14 years of 
age there is an increase in practically all forms of crime. In children 
from 14 to 18 the results are not quite so unfavorable, there being 
a decrease in theft and crime against morality. 













































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 61 

Table 6. —Number convicted for every 100,000 inhabitants of corresponding ages. 



Ages 12-14. 

Ages 14-18. 

Ages 18 and more. 

05 

00 

4 

05 

00 

T—1 

1898-1901. 

05 

00 

r—H 

4* 

05 

00 

1898-1901. 

05 

00 

rH 

4. 

05 

GO 

1898-1901. 

7 

q) GO 

fei 

^00 

±7 

o-*» 

a 

U 

£ 

bD 

£ 

M 

T 

c o 

& 
rj GO 

g4< 

° 05 

\C© 

+ a 

a> 

Si rfl 

o 

S 

c3 

hi 

<L> 

£ 

CP 

to 

£ 

hH 

T 

v-/ . 

G> ~ 

oi 

^00 

ic 

el 

O +* 

Sh 

o 

£ 

o> 

t£) 

£ 

hH 

Theft. 

274.0 

4-41.0 

315.0 

404.3 

-5.0 

399.3 

235. 6 

-8.6 

227.0 

Assault. 

28.8 

4-4.4 

33.2 

179.0 

4-22.4 

201.4 

348.5 

4-3.8 

362.3 

Destruction of property. 

29.2 

4-4.0 

33.2 

54.7 

4-3.9 

58.6 

47.0 

4-1.0 

48.0 

Embezzlement. 

12.1 

4-3.3 

15. 4 

45.2 


46.2 

55. 6 

4-0.2 

55.8 

Dangerous crime, as incendiarism.... 

4.7 

4-3.2 

7.9 

8.5 

+2.9 

11.4 

10.0 

4-3.5- 

13.5 

Receiving stolen goods. 

17.6 

4-2.4 

20.0 

22.2 

4-0.8 

23.0 

23.7 

4-2.0 

21.7 

Fraud, treachery, etc. 

9.7 

4-1.7 

11.4 

42.1 

4-1.8 

43.9 

74.2 

4-2.6 

76.8 

Crime against morality. 

7.5 

4-1.5 

9.0 

31.9 

-1.5 

30.4 

30.0 

4-1.6 

31.6 

Disturbance of the peace. 

3.5 

4-0.9 

4.4 

20.6 

4-3.3 

23.9 

64.6 

4-1.8 

66. 4 

Counterfeiting. 

3. 4 

4-0.9 

4.3 

13. 4 

4-1.6 

15.0 

14. 7 


14. 7 

Robbery and "extortion. 

1.3 

4-0. 4 

1. 7 

2.5 

2.5 

3.1 

-0.1 

3.0 

Crime against religion. 

0. 26 

4-0. 03 

0. 29 

1.1 


1.1 

1. 1 

—0.2 

0.9 

Crime against Government. 


4-0.02 

0. 02 

0.5 


0.5 

4.8 

-0.8 

4.0 

Crime against life, homicide, murder, 










etc. 

0. 38 

4-0. 01 

0. 39 

2.1 

4-0.5 

2.6 

4.7 

-0.2 

4.5 

Insult, libeling of officials, etc. 

3.3 


3.3 

29.2 

4-0.5 

29.7 

177.1 

— 7.6 

169.5 

Resistance of officer, violence and 










threats. 




21.0 

4-0.3 

21.3 

104.6 

-4.0 

100. 6 

Violation of game laws, etc. 

5.0 

-0.5 

4.5 

13.9 

-2.0 

11.9 

34.9 

-10.1 

24^ 

Crime against industry. 

1.9 

-0.7 

1.2 

6.2 

-0.5 

5.7 

54.5 

4-2.7 

57.2 


FRANCE. 

Comparing the girls (Table 7) with the boys in French reform¬ 
atories as to their motives for crime, we find that the girls commit 
relatively three times as much crime against morality as the boys, 
illustrating the fact that when woman goes wrong in any way, she 
usually loses her virtue in addition. 

Girls exceed the boys relatively to their numbers in begging, dis¬ 
obedience to parents, vagabondage, incendiary, and qualified theft, 
while in assassination, murder, assault, and simple theft the boys 
exceed. 

As to education the boys are superior to the girls. 



























































62 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Table 7. —French reformatories for 1902. 


MOTIVES. 


Assassination, poisoning. 

Murder, assault. 

Incendiary.. 

Rape, crimes against morality 

Theft, qualified. 

Theft, simple. 

Begging. 

Vagabondage. 

Other crimes. 

Disobedience of parents. 

Total. 


AGE. 


7 years or less. 

8 to 9 years old. 

10 to 11 years old. 

12 to 13 years old. 

14 to 15 years old.1. 

More than 15 and less than 16 
More than 16. 

Total. 


EDUCATION. 

Illiterate.. 

Knowing how to read. 

Knowing how to read and write. 

Knowing how to read and write and calculate 

With primary education. 

Superior education. 

Total. 4 . 


Boys. 

Girls. 

No. 

Per cent. 

No. 

Percent. 

7 

0. 22 



103 

3.24 

9 

1. 60 

47 

1.48 

10 

1. 78 

93 

2.92 

53 

9. 46 

60 

1.89 

21 

3. 73 

2,999 

72. 25 

250 

44. 57 

95 

2. 98 

38 

6. 77 

343 

10. 78 

99 

17. 65 

134 

4. 21 

58 

10. 34 

1 

. 05 

23 

4.10 

3,182 

100. 00 

561 

100. 00 

25 

.80 

2 

.36 

217 

6.82 

19 

3.39 

607 

19. 08 

82 

14. 62 

1,003 

32. 46 

168 

29. 94 

746 

23.44 

171 

30. 48 

544 

17. 10 

119 

21.21 

10 

.30 



3,182 

100. 00 

561 

100. 00 

1,110 

34. 90 

304 

54.18 

323 

10. 16 

59 

10. 54 

831 

26. 20 

127 

22.64 

775 

24. 35 

60 

10. 68 

140 

4. 40 

11 

1.96 





3,182 

100. 00 

561 

100. 00 


Table 8. —Inmates in reformatories of France, a 


Year. 


1881 

1882 

1883 

1884, 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 


Boys. 

Girls. 

Year. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

6,777 

1,637 

1893. 

5,405 

1,176 

6,256 

1,545 

1894. 

5,388 

1,131 

6,373 

1,501 

1895. 

5,235 

1,152 

5,661 

1,318 

1896. 

5,023 

1,095 

5,359 

1,221 

1897. 

4,901 

1,016 

4,974 

1,125 

1898.:. 

4,535 

979 

4, 725 

938 

1899. 

4,037 

884 

4,941 

1,001 

1900. 

3,828 

771 

4,845 

1,040 

1901. 

3,568 

690 

5,020 

1,059 

1902. 

3,182 

561 

5,299 

5,369 

1,135 

1,101 

1903. 

2,897 

468 


o Annuaire Statistique, Paris, 1905. 


Table 9. — Treatment of minors in France. 


Acquitted. 

Returned to parents. 

Under charge of a prison. 

In an institution. 

Under public charge. 

Sentenced one year or less. 

Sentenced more than one year 
Acted with discernment. 


1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

392 

305 

337 

344 

2,790 

2,814 

2,598 

2,382 

16 

18 

9 

10 

42 

57 

69 

82 

139 

277 

229 

276 

75 

U 

35 

16 

1,179 

1,050 

935 

796 

1,176 

1,043 

1,090 

1,073 


















































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


63 


JUVENILE CRIME IN FRANCE. 

The figures in Table X show the increase of juvenile crime. This 
table indicates the number of persons committed by the police courts 
from 1888 to 1900. The different motives indicating the kinds of 
crime are 18 in number. Two divisions are made—first, those under 
16 years of age; and, second, those from 16 to 20 years of age. 

According to official statistics of France adult criminality has not 
increased very much. 

That the crimes of blood have increased very much among the 
young is brought out clearly by the following diagram. In thirteen 
years juvenile murder has increased from 21 to 140 cases. 



A—Juvenile murder (age 16-20). 
B—Adult murder (age 31-35.) 


According to the official statistics of France, juvenile murder from 
1888 to 1900 has become six times more frequent than adult crimi¬ 
nality, which has remained about the. same as indicated in diagram. 
In the opinion of Gamier® the adolescent criminal often has alcoholic 
parents, or those addicted to absinthe, making the surroundings of the 
young the worst possible, so that this enormous increase has a close 
causal relation with the increase of alcoholism. 


a La Criminalite Juvenile. Arch. d’Anthrop. crim. 1901. 










64 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEPECTIVE CLASSES, 
Table N. —Motives in those convicted by the police court. 



1888. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

1892. 

' - 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Abuse of confidence: 

TTndpr agp 1 fi 

4 


10 

1 

9 


10 


3 


Ages 16 to 20. 

54 

7 

66 

6 

74 

7 

81 

1 

70 

7 

Assassination or attempts at 
same: 










Ages 16 t.n 91) 

3 

1 

14 

1 

9 

5 

9 


6 


Attacks at night: 

TTndpr fl.gp. 16 





1 




Ages 16 to 20 

49 

1 

75 

3 

37 


39 

1 

40 

3 

Robbery: 

TTnripr age 16 

4 


5 


5 


2 


6 


Ages 16 to 20.. 

28 


30 


44 

3 

23 

1 

51 

2 

Assault: 

Under age 16 

6 


3 


5 


2 

1 

8 


Ages 16 to 20. 

262 

15 

237 

19 

277 

14 

266 

12 

329 

21 

Swindling: 

Under age 16... 

3 

1 

4 

6 


5 

1 

3 

1 

Ages 16 to 20. 

96 

7 

89 

9 

223 

18 

181 

14 

99 

12 

Counterfeiting: 

Under age 16 

3 

1 




2 


1 

1 

Ages 16 to 20. 

9 

2 

21 

2 

24 

4 

30 

3 

9 

1 

Forgery: 

Ages 16 to 20 

4 

4 

15 

1 

8 

3 

5 


7 


Picking pockets: 

Under age 16 

1 


12 

1 


2 


5 

2 

Ages 16 to 20. 

117 

17 

287 

10 

151 

13 

242 

9 

133 

16 

Incendiarism: 

Under .age 16 

1 




7 


3 


Ages 16 1 o 20 

1 


2 



1 

2 




Threatening of death: 

Under age 16 






1 




Ages 16 to 20 . 

15 


7 


13 


31 


24 

1 

Murder or attempts at same: 
Under age 16.... 

1 



, 

1 


2 


3 


Ages 16 to 20.. 

20 


35 

1 

40 


40 

1 

72 

5 

Against public decency: 

Under age 16 . 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

4 

1 

5 


Ages 16 to 20.... 

61 

10 

84 

23 

86 

22 

50 

19 

59 

17 

Carrying concealed weapons: 
Under age 16 . 

1 


1 



Ages 16 to 20.. 

15 

2 

20 

2 

7 


9 

1 

23 


Rebellion, outrage against 
agents: 

Under age 16. 

17 

1 

18 

3 

12 


6 

1 

7 

1 

Ages 16 to 20. 

570 

50 

661 

60 

625 

56 

733 

56 

528 

57 

Vagabondage (soutenowis): 
Under age 16 . 

Ages 16 to 20.. . 

31 


51 


60 


106 


25 


Violation, attempts at same: 
Under age 16 . 


1 


1 


2 


1 


Ages 16 to 20.... 

7 

1 

13 


19 

1 

18 


29 


Theft: 

Under age 16. 

346 

30 

422 

34 

367 

34 

357 

30 

281 

32 

Ages 16 to 20. 

2, 122 

260 

2,322 

334 

2,689 

382 

2,677 

379 

274 

365 































































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Table X. — Motives in those convicted hy the police court —Continued. 


65 



1893. 

1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

1897. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Abuse of confidence: 











Under age 16. 

6 


11 

1 

12 

1 

19 


16 


Ages 16 to 20. 

80 

6 

94 

8 

110 

3 

106 

3 

90 

4 

Assassination or attempts at 











same: 











Under age 16. 

1 






1 




Ages 16 to 20. 

9 

1 

10 

4 

16 


16 

1 

9 

•l 

Attacks at night: 







Under age 16. 










l 

Ages 16 to 20. 

37 


14 


17 

1 

15 


15 


Robbery: 









Under age 16. 

1 


3 


5 


6 




Ages 16 to 20. 

65 

1 

41 

1 

49 


31 

2 

57 

2 

Assault: 







Under age 16. 

6 


12 

1 

15 

1 

6 

20 

3 

22 

1 

Ages 16 to 20. 

295 

21 

296 

12 

371 

431 

8 

103 

26 

Swindling: 











Under age 16. 

4 


3 

1 

3 


4 

1 

10 

3 

Ages 16 to 20. 

.56 

6 

96 

3 

72 

15 

108 

7 

96 

5 

Counterfeiting: 











Under age 16. 







1 

3 



Ages 16 to 20. 

14 

1 

8 

1 

7 

2 

12 

5 

4 

1 

Forgery: 











Under age 16. 



1 


1 


2 

2 

2 


Ages 16 to 20. 

6 

2 

5 


12 

1 

13 

3 

0 

9 

Picking pockets: 









Under age 16. 

5 


4 


4 

1 

7 


4 

4 

Ages 16 to 20. 

233 

13 

185 

8 

128 

7 

123 

7 

163 

6 

Incendiarism: 











Under age 16. 



2 


1 


1 

1 



Ages 16 to 20. 

16 

.r 

7 

1 


1 



2 


Threatening of death: 











Under age 16. 



1 


1 


2 




Ages 16 to 20. 

21 


29 

1 

47 

1 

42 

4 

37 

1 

Murder or attempts at same: 










Under age 16. 

2 


1 

1 

3 


3 


3 


Ages 16 to 20. 

58 

7 

52 

5 

73 

10 

59 

8 

84 

7 

Against public decency: 











Under age 16. 

2 

3 

7 

11 

5 

1 

12 

3 

6 

4 

Ages 16 to 20. 

58 

10 

63 

16 

46 

11 

51 

14 

36 

12 

Carrying concealed weapons: 









‘ * 


Under age 16. 

3 


1 




4 




Ages 16 to 20. 

61 


34 

1 

39 

1 

39 

2 

42 


Rebellion, outrage against 











agents: 











Under age 16. 

16 

4 

19 

3 

13 

1 

13 


1 7 


Ages 16 to 20. 

586 

54 

639 

63 

530 

47 

482 

45 

257 

109 

Vagabondage (soutenowis): 











Under age 16. 











Age 16 to 20. 

80 


107 


85 


72 


87 


Violation, attempts at same: 











Under age 16. 



1 


4 


2 


4 


Ages 16 to 20. 

36 

2 

26 

1 

33 

1 

14 


22 


Theft: 











Under age 16. 

363 

36 

425 

46 

351 

23 

472 

35 

381 

45 

Ages 16 to 20. 

2,148 

278 

2,269 

398 

1,732 

411 

1,607 

339 

. 

1,924 

. 337 


30923—08-5 




















































































































































66 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table X.— Motives in those convicted by the police court —Continued. 



1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

Total. 


Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

V * 

Abuse of confidence: 

Under age 16. 

11 

3 

15 

2 

12 

3 

133 

12 

Ages 16 to 20. 

85 

5 

105 

12 

112 

6 

1,127 

82 

Assassination or attempts at 
same: 

Under age 16 




1 


3 

1 

Ages lii to 20 

9 

1 

10 

1 

13 


133 

18 

Attacks at night: 
rjndcr id 

2 

1 

1 


5 

2 

Ages 16 to 20. 

32 

2 

30 

3 

23 

2 

521 

16 

Robbery: 

2 


3 


4 


52 


Ages 16 to 20 

38 


45 


34 


536 

13 

Assault: 

Under age 16. 

13 

2 

17 

1 

11 

4 

140 

14 

Ages 16 to 20. 

324 

28 

437 

49 

465 

52 

4,363 

313 

Swindling: 

Under i(i 

6 

4 

5 



55 

13 

Ages 16 to 20. 

50 

8 

97 

9 

71 

2 

1,307 

115 

Counterfeiting: 

T To rjor ngp 16 

1 




3 

6 

Ages 16 to 20. 

2 

2 

7 

2 

12 

1 

159 

27 

Forgery: 

Tin dpr agp, 16 



2 


1 

1 

9 

3 

Ages 16 to 20. 

18 

3 

21 

1 

8 

2 

131 

22 

Picking pockets: 

Under aw, 16 

16 

2 

11 


11 

1 

83 

10 

Ages 16 to 20. 

212 

10 

278 

i2 

203 

7 

2,455 

135 

Incendiarism: 

Und^r fvgp in 

3 

2 


3 


i. 

1 

p-pq I fl bn 90 

4 

1 

2 


3 


27 

5 

Threatening of death: 

TJndo r pgp l fi 

1 

1 




6 


Ages 16 to 20. 

59 

3 

54 

5 

59 

3 

438 

19 

Murder or attempts at same: 
Under a ge. 16 

12 

1 

2 


2 


35 

2 

Ages 16 to 20. 

119 

9 

97 

6 

130 

8 

879 

67 

Against public decency: 

Under age 16 

3 

3 

5 


7 

2 

68 

41 

Ages 16 to 20. 

52 

12 

43 

8 

61 

8 

050 

184 

Carrying concealed weapons: 
Tinder n.e r e 16 

1 




7 


18 


Ages 16 to 20. 

59 


74 


153 

2 

566 

11 

Rebellion, outrage against 
agents: 

Under age 16. 

13 

1 

22 

2 

8 

2 

171 

19 

Ages 16 to 20. 

294 

69 

401 

70 

300 

73 

6,699 

809 

Vagabondage (soutenowis): 
TTpdpr age 16 

1 






1 


Ages 16 to 20. 

53 


31 


76 


834 


Violation, attempts at same: 
Under age 16 . 

3 


2 


1 


21 


Ages 16 to 20 

24* 


30 


21 


292 

6 

Theft: 

Under age 16. 

399 

41 

367 

44 

.“118 

22 

4,379 
29,285 

452 

Ages 16 to 20. 

2,299 

365 

2,330 

380 

2,420 

377 

4,605 

—^A 


Table 11 shows a large increase of crime in minors in France from 
1831 to 1900. 


Table 11. —Minors (16 to 21) convicted of crime in France. 


1831-1835 

1836-1840 

1876-1880 

1881-1900 


5.833 
7,677 
20, 480 
26, 551 


ITALY. 

Table 12 indicates an increase in juvenile crime in Italy from 1890 
to 1898, showing the per cent of the convicted for all less than 18 
years of age and for all from 18 to 21.° 


°Annuario Statistico Italiani, 1904, Roma. 




























































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 

Table 12 . 


67 


Year. 

Less than 18 years. 

Age 18 to 21. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of con¬ 
victed. 

Number. 

Per cent 
of con¬ 
victed. 

1890. 

15,128 
17,892 
17,306 
16,006 
17,786 
19, 494 
21,246 
21,384 
24,392 

11.54 
12. 45 
•11.61 
• 11.30 
11.75 
11.61 
12.14 
12.63 
13.13 

14,980 
16,166 
16,896 
15,800 
17,826 
19,615 
20,359 
18,304 
19,780 

11.42 
11.25 
11.34 
11.16 
11.77 
11.67 

11.64 
10. 81 

10.65 

1891. 

1892. 

1S93. 

1894. 

1895. 

1896 . 

1897 . 

1898 . 


BELGIUM. 


The following table gives the number of those convicted propor¬ 
tionally to the number for each age: a 

Table 13 . 


Age. 

Boys per 1,000. 

Girls per 1,000. 

Per 1,000. 

Per 1,000. 

Per 1,000. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1899. 

1900. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

Under 16. 

3.5 

3.6 

3.1 

3.0 

2.9 

2.0 

3.0 

1.0 

2.5 

2.1 

16 to 18. 

49.3 

50.8 

54.8 

53.1 

48.2 

52.2 

51.4 

50.2 

46. 4 

47.3 

18 to 21. 

142.6 

146.5 

88.6 

99.8 

145. 8 

99.8 

145.3 

95.8 

141.9 

97.2 


Table 14 . t> 



Male. 

Female. 

Convicted. 

Under 

16 years. 

16 to 18 
years. 

18 to 21 
years. 

Under 

16 years. 

16 to 18 
years. 

18 to 21 
years. 

1902. 

First offenders. 


120 

2,011 

4,630 
1,758 

13 

646 

1,096 

229 

Recidivists . 


13 

246 

1 

49 




Total . 

133 

2,257 

6,388 

14 

695 

1,325 



1903. 

First, offenders . 


105 

1,744 

4,267 

1,713 

28 

582 


1,052 

Recidivists . 


2 

212 

40 


227 








Total . 


107 

1,956 

5,980 

28 

622 


1,279 








Age. 

Distribution per 
1,000 men. 

Distribution per 
1,000 women. 

1902. 

1903. 

1902. 

1903. 

Iv6SS tblRTl Ifi . 


3.0 

2.5 

1.0 


2.1 

16 to 18 . 


51.4 

46 4 

50.2 


47.3 

18 to 21 . 


145.5 

141.9 

95.8 


97.2 








Age (1900-1901.) 

Male—Number per 1,000 
of corresponding age of 
masculine population. 

Female—Number per 1,000 
of corresponding age of 
feminine population. 

First 

offend¬ 

ers. 

Recidi¬ 

vists. 

All. 

First 

offend¬ 

ers. 

Recidi¬ 

vists. 

All. 

16 to 18 . 

13.4 

1. 

6 

15.0 

4.5 

0.3 

4.8 

18 to 21 . 

22.0 

8.9 

30.9 

5.4 

1.2 

6.6 









. 


a Statistique Judiciaire de la Belgique, 1902, 1903, 1905. 
b Statistique Judiciaire de la Belgique, 1905. 











































































































68 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


SWITZERLAND. 

Table 15 shows that in the institutions of Switzerland for the 
reform and care of delinquent and dependent children for the years 
1881 to 1892 the number of boys who were inmates has been somewhat 
constant, while that of the girls has increased. 

Table 15. —In institu tions for dependent and delinquent children, 1881 to 1892. 



Boys. 

' Girls. 

All. 

1881. 

833 

191 

1,024 

1,085 

1,094 

1,109 

1,082 

1,069 

1882. 

878 

207 

1883. 

806 

228 

1884. 

863 

246 

1885. 

830 

252 

1886. 

819 

250 



Boys. 

Girls. 

All. 

1887. 

845 

254 

1,099 

1,100 

1888. 

853 

247 

1889. 

847 

250 

1,097 

1,121 

1890. 

868 

253 

1891. 

896 

202 

1,158 

1892. 

921 

280 

1,201 


AUSTRIA. 


Table 16. —Children 14 to 20 years of age in Austria were convicted for the years 1902 

and 1903 as follows: 



1902. 

1903. 


1902. 

1903. 

Refractoriness. 

253 

682 

4,234 

259 

734 

4,037 

Fraud. 

446 

469 

443 

429 

Severe assault. 

Theft. 

Criminal lewdness. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

Table 17.— Children and young persons convicted of indictable offenses. a 


Year. 

12 to 16 
years: 

16 to 21 
years. 

Year. 

12 to 16 
years. 

16 to 21 
years. 

1894.;. 

6,604 
5,330 
5, 773 
5,625 
6,104 

9,568 
8,634 
7,834 
8,063 

8,489 

1899.. 

5,715 
6,550 
6,185 
6,243 

7,592 
8,046 
8,468 
8,584 

1895. 

1900.... 

1896. 

1901. 

1897. 

1902. 

1898. 



a Reformatory v. Industrial Schools of Great Britain, London, 1904 (official report). 

The English statistician says that as a measure of juvenile crime 
this table does not show any alarming tendency to increase. Whether 
there be a relative increase or not does not appear in the official 
report. 

CANADA.® 

Table 18 shows a general increase in juvenile crime within the last 
ten years, from 1893 to 1903, but whether there be a relative increase 
or not does not appear in the official records. 


Table 18. —Convicted for indictable offenses. 


Year. 

Ul }? er 16 to 21 
years. y ears ‘ 

1893. 

668 768 
687 1,002 
790 906 
660 889 
723 936 
836 1,022 

1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

1897. 

1898. 



Year. 

Under 

16 

years. 

16 to 21 
years.- 

1899. 

936 

981 

1900. 

915 

950 

1901. 

1,017 

882 

1902. 

859 

955 

1903. 

1,038 

991 



a The Statistical Yearbook of Canada, 1904, Ottawa, 1905. 
































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 69 

Table 19. —Number in 'penitentiaries, 1901 to 1904. 


Age. 

1901-2. 

1902-3. 

1903-4. 

Under 20 years. 

134 

156 

161 



Table shows a general increase in young criminals in the Canadian 
penitentiaries from 1901 to 1904. 


AUSTRALIAN STATES. 


Number of prisoners under 21 years. 


New Zealand. 

1902. 

1903. 


104 

116 

Female. 

5 

10 




Table 20. —Number of criminal charges per 10,000 against persons arrested. 


Ages. 

1871. 

1881. 

1891. 

1901. 

Males: 

10 to 15 years. 

104 

Ill 

96 

51 

15 to 20 years. 

338 

335 

305 

209 

Females: 

10 to 15 years. 

37 

26 

15 

15 

28 

15 to 20 years. 

80 

90 

• 50 



This table, taken from the Victorian Ye.ar Book for 1904, shows a 
decrease in crime among the young. 


ARGENTINA. 


Table 21. —Age of criminals arrested from 1895 to 1904 in the dty of Buenos Aires. a 


Crime. 

1895. 

1896. 

1897. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

Under 16 years. 

251 

334 

406 

431 

387 

352 

551 

471 

379 

369 

16 to 20 years. 

711 

734 

958. 

817 

737 

752 

854 

966 

-857 

975 


a Republica Argentina Estadistica anuario, Buenos Aires, 1905. 


This table indicates an absolute increase of juvenile crime in Buenos 
Aires. Figures as to relative increase are not given. 


BRITISH INDIA. 

Table 25. —Number of young convicts under 16 in British India admitted into the jails. 



1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

Boys. 

2,163 
606 

1,678 

482 

1,608 

506 

1,154 

Girls. 

296 



This table shows a decrease in juvenile crime in British India from 
1900 to 1904. 






























































70 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Table 26. —Reformatory schools in British India.® 



1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

Number of pupils admitted. 

345 

282 

311 

251 

245 

Number able to read. 

30 

23 

80 

71 

91 

Number illiterate. 

315 

259 

1,117 

1,097 

1,036 

Conduct bad after discharge. 

90 

80 

58 

67 

72 

Number discharged. 

340 

274 

332 

272 

279 


a Judicial and administrative statistics of British India, 1905. 


In British India, according to Table 26, the admissions into reforma¬ 
tory schools has decreased from 1900 to 1904. 

ARGENTINA. 


Table 22. —Less than 21 years of age. 


Year. 

Against 

property. 

Against 

person. 

Year. 

Against 

property. 

Against 

person. 

1899. 

364 

345 

1901. 

648 

653 

1900. 

410 

436 


462 

614 


j 1902. 




In Argentina, from 1899 to 1902, there was an increase in crime 
in children under 21 years of age,® from 1890 to 1900, and decrease 
from 1901 to 1902. But comparing the first two with the last two 

jl O 

years shows a general increase. 

Table 23. —Crimes of minors in the houses of correction of Buenos Aires. 


• 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

Against person. 

54 

206 

194 

166 

159 

129 

91 

Against property. 

228 

489 

487 

554 

506 

406 

291 

Against public order and morality. 

61 

67 

90 

94 

130 

101 

79 


Total. 

343 

762 

771 

814 

795 

636 

461 



JAPAN. 

Table 24. —Number of youths under 20 years of age convicted in Japan. 


Year. 

Under 16 
years. 

From 16 to 

20 years. 

All. 

For every 100 
grown chil¬ 
dren convicted. 

For every 100 
children 
convicted. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1894. ...A... 

6,169 

990 

15,886 

1,922 

22,053 

2,912 

21.9 

27.6 

17.9 

21.7 

1895. 

4,928 

804 

14.260 

1,817 

19,188 

2,621 

20.9 

26.8 

17.3 

21.1 

1896. 

4,519 

768 

14,560 

1,687 

19,079 

2,455 

20.0 

25.9 

16.7 

20.6 

1897. 

4,350 

759 

14,979 

1,811 

19,329 

2,570 

19.6 

25.2 

16.4 

20.3 

1898. 

4.411 

747 

14,641 

1,673 

19,052 

2,420 

20.4 

24.2 

16.9 

19.5 

1899. 

3,109 

468 

10,979 

1,285 

14,088 

1,753 

19.5 

20.1 

16.3 

20.0 

1900. 

2,750 

455 

10,910 

1,214 

13,660 

1,669 

18.9 

25.1 

15.9 

20.1 


Table 14 gives the statistics of juvenile crime for Japan, showing 
both absolute and relative decrease, though the population has con¬ 
stantly increased. 


° Republica Argentina. Estadlstica Annaurio, Buenos Aires. 
















































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


71 


UNITED STATES. 

The following table gives the number of inmates of reformatories 
in each million of the total population in each of the five geograph¬ 
ical divisions for 1880 and 1890.® 

If the relative increase of the inmates of reformatories be regarded 
as an indication of increase of crime among the young, it may be said 
that in the United States juvenile crime increased from 1880 to 1890. 

Table 27. 


Per million population. 


States. 


1880. 

1890. 

Increase. 

Decrease. 

North Atlantic. 

409 

122 

183 

43 

93 

425 

146 

244 

33 

117 

'“'”“24" 

61 

f 44 

South Atlantic. 

North Central. 


South Central. 

10 

Western. 

24 

United States. 


229 

237 

8 





IX.—REFORMATORY STATUTES. 

ALABAMA. 


Alabama Boys’ Industrial School (East Lake). 


Children received, paroled, and in school at end of each calendar 
year since school began— 


Year. 

Received. 

Paroled. 

In school 
Decem¬ 
ber 31. 

Year. 

Received. 

Paroled. 

In school 
Decem¬ 
ber 31. 

1900. 

26 

6 

22 

1904 

44 

39 

61 

1901. 

43 

14 

51 

1905 .. 

54 

17 

98 

1902. 

22 

15 

58 

1906. 

53 

40 

111 

1903. 

25 

27 

56 



From present number those who have— 


Mothers living only. 49 

Fathers living only.-.11 

Both parents living. 25 

Both parents dead. 26 

Smoked cigarettes. 88 

Used tobacco in other forms. 8 

Never used tobacco. 15 

Used intoxicants. 29 

Never used intoxicants. 82 

Previously run away from home. 74 

Been arrested. 61 

Have played truant from school. 93 

Made two grades in one year... 10 

Number who were working at time of entering. 36 

Idle at time of entering. 61 

Going to school. 13 


a Eleventh Census, 1890, 





































































72 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Number in school December 31, 1906, who, when entered — 

Had never attended school.. 

Were in primer at time of entering. 

Were in first grade at time of entering. 

Were in second grade at time of entering. 

Were in third grade at time of entering. 

Were in fourth grade at time of entering. 

Were in fifth grade at time of entering. 

Were in sixth grade at time of entering. 

Were in seventh grade at time of entering. 


6 

18 

10 

28 

25 

10 

12 

2 

0 


CALIFORNIA. 

Whittier State School (Whittier, Cal.). 

Table 1.— Inmates admitted and dismissed from 1891 to 1896. 


i' 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

By mmmitmftnt. 

1.699 

364 

2,063 

Returned from parole. 

190 

20 

'210 

From parole to discharge. 

003 

80 

683 

Returned escapes . . 

107 


107 

Total. 

2,599 

464 

3,063 

Discharged, term expired. 

895 

243 

1,138 

Paroled. 

994 

114 

lj 108 

Escaped. . 

241 


'241 

Died ... . 

19 

7 

26 

Discharged by trustees. 

165 

53 

218 

Discharged by court. 

14 

3 

17 

Adjudged insane . 

1 

1 

2 

Pardoned by governor. 

14 

6 

20 

Total . 

2,343 

427 

2,770 






Table 1 gives the number of inmates admitted and dismissed from 
1891 to 1906. From Table 2 it will be seen that Mexico, Canada, 
Italy, and England furnish most of the foreign-born pupils. Ninety- 
three per cent are born in the United States and 7 per cent in foreign 
countries. About 50 per cent of the parents of the inmates are born 
in the United States, as shown in Table 3. The age when most 
inmates are admitted is 15 years (Table 4). The main causes of 
commitment are (Table 5) incorrigibility (52 per cent), burglar}" 
(15 per cent), and petit larceny (6 per cent). 

Table 2. —Nativity of pupils admitted from 1891 to 1906. 


Country. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 

Africa.. 

1 

0.05 

Australia. 

4 

. 19 

Austria... 

1 

.05 

Canada. 

23 

1.15 

Chile. 

2 

.09 

England. 

15 

.73 

France. 

6 

.29 

Germany. 

9 

.43 

Hawaii. 

1 

.05 

Ireland. 

6 

.29 

Italy. 

16 

.79 

Mexico. 

27 

1.30 

Norway. 

3 

.14 

Nova Scotia. 

3 

.14 




Country. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 

Portugal. 

1 

0.05 

Poland. 

1 

.05 

Russia. 

4 

. 19 

Sandwich Islands. 

1 

.05 

San Salvador. 

1 

.05 

Scotland. 

5 

.24 

Spain. 

2 

.09 

Sweden. 

5 

.23 

Unknown. 

2 

.09 



’Total foreign. 

139 

6. 73 

United States... 

1,924 

93.27 


Total. 

2,063 

100.00 

















































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Table 3. —Nativity of 'parents of pupils admitted from 1891 to 1906. 


78 



Males. 

Fe¬ 

males. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 

Both parents native born. 

893 

177 

1,070 

352 

51.88 

One parent native and one foreign born. 

270 

82 

10. 07 

Both parents foreign born.T. 

492 

91 

14 

583 

28. 24 

Unknown. 

44 

58 

2.81 


Total. 

1,099 

3G4 

2,063 

100. 00 



Table 4. —Ages of pupils admitted from 1891 to 1906. 



Males. 

Fe¬ 

males. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 


Males. 

Fe¬ 

males. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 

7 years. 

1 

0 

1 

0.05 

14 years 

249 

56 

305 

14.73 

8 years. 

12 

1 

13 

. 63 

141. years 

37 

7 

44 

2.13 

9 years. 

23 

0 

23 

1.15 

15 years 

269 

87 

356- 

11s 25 

10 years. 

43 

2 

45 

2.18 

15J years 

(i5 

18 

83 

4. 05 

10|r years. 

9 

0 

9 

. 43 

16 years. 

257 

85 

342 

16.58 

11 "years. 

60 

4 

64 

3.10 

16J years.. . 

44 

10 

54 

2. 61 

11J" years. 

13 

1 

14 

.68 

17 years 

244 

26 

270 

13. 08 

12 years. 

135 

16 

151 

7. 32 

| 17i years.. 

25 

1 

26 

1.26 

12£ years . 

16 

2 

18 

.89 

i 18 years. 

15 

0 

15 

.73 

1 s yea rs 

147 

38 

185 

8 97 






13| years. 

35 

10 

45 

2.18 

Total. 

1,699 


2,063 

100. 00 






1 





Table 5.— Causes of commitment of pupils admitted from 1891 to 1906. 



Males. 

Fe¬ 

males. 

Total. 

Per 

cent. 

A delinquent child. 

52 

5 

57 

2.76 

A dependent child. 

44 

8 

52 

2.67 

A minor destitute of a suitable home. 

1 

' 0 

1 

.05 

Administering poison with intent to kill. 

2 

0 

2 

.09 

Arson. 

5 

0 

5 

.24 

Assault... 

5 

0 

5 

.24 

Assault with intent to commit murder. 

3 

0 

3 

.14 

Assault with intent to commit rape. 

8 

0 

8 

.39 

Assault with deadly weapon. 

7 

0 

7 

.34 

Attempt to conun it arson. 

i 

0 

1 

.05 

Attempt to commit burglary. 

7 

0 

7 

.34 

Attempt to commit grand larceny. 

4 

0 

4 

.19 

Attempt to commit robbery. 

7 

0 

7 

.34 

Attempt to pass fictitious check. 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Battery. 

5 

1 

6 

.29 

Burclarv . 

322 

4 

326 

15.75 

Crime against nature. 

14 

0 

14 

.68 

Disturbing the peace.. 

9 

3 

12 

.58 

Embezzlement. 

8 

1 

9 

.43 

Felony. 

1 

1 

2 

.09 

Forgery. 

15 

0 

15 

.73 

Furnishing liquor to Indians. 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Grand larceny _ . 

119 

5 

124 

8.01 

Incorrigible . 

790 

292 

1,082 

52.33 

Indecent exposure. 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Injuring public jail. 

3 

0 

3 

.14 

T, cadinc idlp and dissolute life. 

3 

0 

3 

.14 

Malicious mischief. 

2 

0 

2 

.14 

Manslaughter . 

2 

0 

2 

.09 

At isd pm pan nr . 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Murder . 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Obtaining grinds under false pretenses.. 

4 

0 

4 

.19 

Opening and reading sealed letter of another. 

0 

1 

1 

.05 

Passing fictitious check . 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Perjury . 

1 

0. 

1 

.05 

Impersonating an officer . 

1 

0 

1 

. 05 

Petit larceny . 

132 

3 

135 

6.58 


2 

0 

2 

.09 

Deceiving stolpn property . 

3 

1 

4 

.19 

Bobbery . 

23 

0 

23 

1.11 

Sodomy . 

2 

0 

2 

.09 

Tender age and crime committed . 

1 

0 

1 

.05 

Vflsrancv . . 

85 

39 

124 

6.01 






Total . 

1,699 

364 

2,063 

100 





























































































































74 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


CONNECTICUT. 


Connecticut School for Boys (Meriden). 


Table showing the age of boys at commitment (for all years). 


6 years. 

7 years. 

8 years. 

9 years. 

10 years 

11 years 

12 years 

13 years 

14 years 


12 

15 years.. 

44 

16 years.. 

. 101 

17 years . 

. 271 

18 years.. 

. 689 

19 years.. 

. 818 

20 years.. 

. 1,090 


. 1,239 


. 1,313 



Table showing for what offense committed (1906). 


Incorrigibility. 

Theft. 

Petty larceny. 

Vagrancy. 

Burglary. 

Truancy.•-«. 

Destitution.. .. 

Statutory burglary. 
Injury to property. 
Immoral practices. 


48 

67 

2 

1 

17 

4 

9 

2 

2 

1 


Assault. 

Breaking and entering.... 
Breaking open gas meters 

Trespass on railroad. 

Arson. 

Gambling. 

Boarder. 


1, 381 
362 
44 
19 
5 
1 


7, 389 


3 
1 
1 

4 
1 
2 
1 

166 


Here, as in many schools, 15 is the age at which most frequently 
commitments are made. 

Boys between the ages of 7 and 16 can be sent to this school during 
minority by any court of record in the State. 


ILLINOIS. 


Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac, 1904-1906. 

Owing to criticism of the parole system in this reformatory an 
investigation was ordered by the governor of Illinois, which showed 
that more than 80 per cent of the ex-inmates made good their parole 
pledges. As the statistics below cover a number of years and are 
supplemented and confirmed by the records of the Chicago identifi¬ 
cation bureau, special attention is called to them as one of the best 
proofs of the good that reformatories are doing and of the utility of 
parole law. Of the 20 per cent who returned to criminal ways quite 
a number were “repeaters,” who have been arrested several times 
and often under different names, giving color to reports that many 
distinct persons were committing offenses. 

PAROLED INMATES. 


This statement covering the whole period since the inauguration 
of the parole system shows progressive improvement in the proportion 
of paroled inmates who have faithfully served their probation and 
so earned their final discharge. 






































75 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Statement of Paroled Inmates. 


December 18, 1893, to June 30, 1901. 


Number paroled. 

Finally released. 2,042 

Returned voluntarily. ’ 23 

Died while on parole. 50 

Serving parole. 3 

Sentence expired while on parole. 20 

Went insane while on parole. 8 

Pardoned. 2 


Returned for violation of parole. 621 

Violated parole and still at large. 567 

Committed to other institutions.. 64 


July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902. 

Number paroled. 

Finally released. 333 

Returned voluntarily. 13 

Died while on parole. 6 

Serving parole. 2 

Sentence expired while on parole. 1 

Went insane while on parole. 1 


Returned for violation of parole. 60 

Violated parole and still at large. 79 

Committed to other institutions. 16 


July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903. 

Number paroled. 

Finally released. 271 

Returned voluntarily. 7 

Died while on parole. 2 

Sentence expired while on parole. 3 

Went insane while on parole. 1 


Returned for violation of parole. 24 

Violated parole and still at large. 39 

Committed to other institutions.. 17 


July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 . 

Number paroled. 

Finally released. 200 

Returned voluntarily..... 3 

Died while on parole.. 1 

Went insane while on parole. 1 


Returned for violation of parole... 17 

Violated parole and still at large. 22 

Committed to other institutions. 9 

Returned to institution on new charge. 3 


July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905. 

Number paroled... 

Finally released. 210 

Returned voluntarily. 5 

Died while on parole. 4 

Serving parole. 1 

Went insane while on parole. 1 


Returned for violation of parole. 20 

Violated parole and still at large. 16 

Committed to other institutions. 9 

Returned to institution on new charge. 6 


3,400 

2,148 

1,252 
511 

356 

155 

364 

284 

80 

256 

205 

51 

273 

222 


Per 

cent. 

63.17 

36.83 

69.6 

30.4 

78 

22 

80 

20 

. 81.32 


51 18.68 






























































76 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


July 1 1905, to June 80, 1906. Per 

oent. 

Number paroled. 270 

Finally released. 158 

Died while on parole. 1 

Serving parole... 66 

Sentence expired while on parole. 2 

- 227 84.08 

Returned for violation of parole. 15 

Violated parole and still at large. 20 

Committed to other institutions. 5 

Returned to institution on new charge. 3 

- 43 15.92 


Of the 1,112 inmates in this institution 52 between the ages of 
8 and 12 are known as the juvenile department. These inmates are 
kept separate from the older ones, having their own dining room, 
school, dormitory, and playground. They are also allowed to play 
outside of the inclosure. 

One hundred and sixty-three between the ages of 13 and 16 are 
known as the Junior Republic. These inmates are also kept sepa¬ 
rate from the older class, having their own school, dormitory, and 
playground. 

These inmates have their own form of government, make their 
own laws, and govern themselves in so far as it is possible for them 
to do so without conflicting with the general rules of the institution. 

Six hundred and twenty-five of the better class of the older inmates 
are kept in what is known as the south wing. These are also classed 
according to their conduct. 

Two hundred and sventy-two of the more criminal element are kept 
in what is known as the north wing. These inmates are also clas¬ 
sified according to their conduct. About 45 of these may be classed 
as incorrigible. The incorrigibles are kept separate from the better 
class as much as possible, but they still have a degrading influence 
over others who try to do right. One bad boy is detrimental to the 
good conduct of any shop or school. A separate building should be 
erected in which those incorrigible inmates may eat, sleep, and work. 
By this they could be kept entirely separate from the rest of the 
inmates until such time as they may prove by their conduct that 
they are fit to associate with the better class. 


Report of chief clerk, from July 1, 1905 to June 30, 1906. 


Burglary. 

Larceny. 

Petit larceny. 

Robbery. 

Forgery. 

Manslaughter 


CRIMES FOR WHICH SENTENCED. 


. 182 

Assault to kill.. 

66 

Rape.. 

. 60 

Other offenses.. 

. 59 


. 17 


. 12 



8 

7 

47 


'458 


BIRTHPLACE OF INMATES. 


United States..... ; .413 

Foreign countries. 44 

Unknown.. l 


458 


























CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


77 


EDUCATION OF INMATES. 


Read and write. 6 

Unable to read or write. b4 

First grade. 8 

Second grade. 37 

Third grade. 66 

Fourth grade. 79 

Fifth grade. 78 


Sixth grade.. 

. 46 

Seventh grade. 

. 30 

Eighth grade. 

. 38 

High school. 

..'. 13 

College. 

. 3 


. 458 


RELIGION. 


None. 193 

Catholic. 141 

Methodist Episcopal... 25 

Baptist. 13 

Other religions. 28 


14 years and under: 

None. 37 

Catholic... 5 

Methodist Episcopal. 3 

Other religions. 4 


MENTAL CAPABILITY. 


Below average 

Average. 

Above average 


ASSOCIATES. 


Bad... 
Mixed 
Good.. 
Fair.. 


LIVING AT HOME OR ELSEWHERE. 

Reared at home and living at home. 

Reared at home and living elsewhere... 

Not reared at home nor living at home. 


USED TOBACCO. 

Chewed, and smoked cigarettes, cigars, or pipe. 

Chewed only. 

Smoked cigarettes, cigars, or pipe. 

Smoked cigarettes only. 

Used none, so far as known... 

14 years and under: 

Chewed, and smoked cigars, pipe, or cigarettes 

Chewed only. 

Smoked cigarettes only. 

Used none, so far as known. 


USED INTOXICATING LIQUORS. 


To some extent. 

None, so far as known. 

14 years and under: 

To some extent. 

None, so far as known 


80 

287 

91 

458 


308 

109 

34 

7 

458 


228 

192 

38 

458 


266 

37 

26 

20 

60 

-409 

29 

1 

11 

8 

- 49 

458 


260 

149 

-409 

21 

28 

- 49 


458 
















































78 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


ARRESTED PRIOR TO SENTENCE. 


Arrested one or more times.•. 278 

None, so far as known. 180 


458 

STATEMENT OF PARENTS. 

Divorced or separated. 49 

Father drank to excess. 141 

Parents or ancestors insane. 16 

Parents or ancestors criminals. 8 

Parents or ancestors epileptics. 1 

Parents paupers. 3 


OCCUPATION OF PARENTS. 


Laborers, teamsters, miners, etc... 145 

Farmers. 69 

Unknown. 43 

Carpenters. 21 

Engineers, firemen, and brakemen. 20 

Machinists. 13 

Merchants. 12 

Masons. 10 

Molders. 9 

None. 8 


Police, etc. 8 

Blacksmiths. 8 

Contractors. 7 

Saloonkeepers or bartenders. 7 

Cooks and bakers. 6 

Bookkeepers, clerks, and salesmen. 6 

Tailors. 6 

Other occupations. 60 


458 


Catholic. 

None. 

Methodist Episcopal 

Colored Baptist. 

Unknown. 

Baptist. 

Christian. 


Bead and write 

None. 

Unknown. 


RELIGION OF PARENTS. 


. 142 

Presbyterian... 

. 101 

African M. E .. 

. 49 

Lutheran. 

. 25 

Other religions. 

. 25 


. 21 


. 18 


EDUCATION OF PARENTS. 

. 371 

Read, not write 

. 56- 


. 28 



18 

15 

14 

30 


458 


3 

458 


PECUNIARY CONDITION. 

Poor. 288 j Unknown. 20 

Fair. 139 —- 

Good. 11 I 458 

INDIANA. 

Indiana Boys’ School (Plainfield, 1906.) 

Population movement. 


Admissions since the organization of the school, January 1, 1868. 6, 253 

Number discharged owing to age limit, October 31, 1905. 4, 223 

Number attaining age limit from October 31, 1905, to October 31, 1906. 164 

Total discharges on age limit October 31, 1906. 4, 687 

Number on leave of absence October 31, 1906, and subject to the school’s super¬ 
vision if not dead or incarcerated elsewhere. 673 
























































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 79 


Demerit offenses. 


Talk. 


Disobedience. 

. 10 

Disorder. 


Laziness.. 

. 10 

Vandalism. 

. 10 

Willful waste. 

. 20 

Quarreling. 

. 50 

Dormitory. 

. 50 

Shielding. 

. 50 

Profanity. 

. 50 

Fighting. 

. 100 

Tobacco or money. 

. 100 


Falsehood. 100 

Theft. 100 

Obscenity. 100 

Disrespect and impudence. 100 

Vulgarity. 200 

Insubordination. 200 

Plann ing escape... 500 

Escape. 1,000 

Secret vice. 1,000 

Planning immoral association. 1,000 

Immoral association. 2,000 


Failure to report to be doubly demerited, according to the offense 
concealed. Offense for which there is a demerit of 50 or over shall, 
in addition, be liable to corporal punishment at the discretion of the 
superintendent. The superintendent reserves the right at all times 
to cancel demerits. An officer must be absolutely certain that a boy 
is guilty of violating a rule before a demerit report is given. 

When a demerit is given it should be the duty of the officer to be 
explicit with the offender. The boy begins with naught (0) to his 
credit and gains 10 merits each day for perfect conduct. Thirty days 
of continuous good behavior entitles Ihe boy to 100 extra merits, 400; 
for ninety days’ continuous good behavior he is given an additional 
credit of 50 merits, 1,250; thus making it possible for the boy to 
gain the required number, 5,000, on the three hundred and sixty-fifth 
day from date of admission, and thus be eligible for parole. 


Ages of boys committed during the year. 


Between 8 and 9 years of age.. 
Between 9 and 10 years of age. 
Between 10 and 11 years of age 
Between 11 and 12 years of age 
Between 12 and 13 years of age 
Between 13 and 14 years of age 


2 Between 14 and 15 years of age. 47 

4 Between 15 and 16 years of age. 50 

14 j Between 16 and 17 years of age. 20 

21 ! Between 17 and 18 years of age. 5 

25 ! —- 

28 ; Total. 216 


Educational standing. 


Illiterate 
First grade.. 
Second year 
Third year.. 
Fourth year. 
Fifth year.. 
Sixth year.. 


2 

9 

20 

42 
52 

43 
28 


Seventh year. 

Eighth year. 

Nine B. 

High school second year 

Total. 


Destructive habits of boys committed. 

Tobacco and cigarettes: 

Use tobacco. 

Do not use tobacco. 

Use cigarettes. 

Do not use cigarettes. 

Intoxicants: 

Claimed they had formed an appetite for beer. 

Claimed to be habitues of the wine room. 

Claimed they had formed an appetite for pop. 

Addicted to all kinds of drinks.-... 

Claimed they were temperate as to the use of intoxicants. 
Previous associations: 

Claimed they affiliated with bad companions.'.. 

Claimed mixed companions. 

Claimed good companions. 


9 

9 

1 

1 


216 


133 

83 

89 

127 

16 

5 

2 

45 

148 

148 

48 

20 






























































80 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


Parental relation of boys committed during the year. 

Claimed fathers were living. 

Claimed stepfathers.-. 

Claimed mothers living. 

Claimed stepmothers. 

Claimed fathers dead. 

Claimed mothers dead. 

In doubt as to father’s death. 

In doubt as to mother’s death. 

Parents are unknown. 

Claimed to be orphans. 

Nativity of parents: 

American birth— 

Fathers. 

Mothers. 

Foreign birth— 

Fathers. 

Mothers. 

Unknown— 

Fathers.. 

Mothers. - . 

Education of parents: 

Read and write— 

Fathers. 

Mothers. 

Illiterate— 

Fathers... 

Mothers.... 

Intemperance of parents: 

Fathers addicted to the drink habit. 

Mothers addicted to the drink habit. 

Indiana Industrial School for Girls (1906). 


139 

22 

161 

13 

47 

48 
15 

3 

6 

2 


173 

156 

24 

26 

15 

4 


175 

170 

23 

29 

99 

19 


Table showing social condition of parents of girls remaining October 31, 1906, at time of 

commitment. 


Parents living together. 53 

Parents living but separated. 39 

Father dead, mother widow... 29 

Mother dead, father widower. 24 

Parents dead. 35 

Stepfather. 30 

Stepmother..'. 26 

Stepfather and stepmother. 12 

Illegitimate.>. 12 


Total 


260 


Table showing population since origin of industrial school for girls. 


Year. 

Received 
on com¬ 
mitment. 

Dis¬ 
charged, 
died, or 
with¬ 
drawn 
during 
year. 

Enrolled 
at end of 
year. 

Average 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Year. 

Received 
on com¬ 
mitment. 

Dis¬ 
charged, 
died, or 
with¬ 
drawn 
during 
year. 

Enrolled 
at end of 
year. 

Average 

attend¬ 

ance. 

1873. 

15 


15 


1890. 

43 

24 

151 

152.1 

1874. 

84 

15 

84 


1891... 

42 

20 

143 

142.5 

1875. 

57 

14 

127 


1892... 

48 

56 

144 

134.3 

1876. 

57 

28 

150 


1893. 

45 

36 

148 

146.3 

1877. 

40 

53 

138 


1894. 

36 

16 

152 

154 

1878. 

44 

32 

147 


1895 

60 

29 

180 

169 

1879. 

52 

59 

147 


1896... 

30 

19 

202 

189.7 

1880. 

41 

45 

148 


1897... 

47 

55 

206 

206! 2 

1881. 

52 

58 

148 


1898... 

46 

75 

200 

206!6 

1882. 

51 

62 

144 


1899. 

39 

80 

180 

184.3 

1883. 

34 

41 

143 


1900. 

35 

55 

187 

182.6 

1884. 

48 

55 

142 


1901 

44 

107 

144 

166.5 

1885. 

40 

33 

132 


1902. 

41 

40 

175 

156! 9 

1886.1 

38 

48 

177 


1903 .. 

53 

34 

207 

183!5 

1887. 

31 

51 

128 


1904... 

51 

75 

203 

207! 6 

1888. 

44 

18 

133 


1905... 

69 

55 

239 

214 

1889. 

48 

22 

144 


1906. 

85 

84 

260 

253.1 









































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


) 


) 


IOWA. 

Table 1 . — Industrial schools. a 
1903. 


Number of inmates present 
July 1. 



Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

1891. 

367 

109 

476 

1893. 

401 

117 

518 

1895. 

407 

142 

549 

1897. 

444 

145 

589 


1899 

1901 

1903 


Criminal father. 

Criminal mother.... 
Criminal parents 
Intemperate father. 
Intemperate mother 

Epileptic father. 

Insane mother. 

Total. 

Not reported. 

Grand total... 


Number of inmates present 
July 1. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

502 

152 

654 

473 

189 

662 

495 

183 

678 


Number of inmates present Julyl. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

3 

4 

3 

3 


3 

1 


1 

85 

22 

107 

13 


13 

1 


1 

4 


4 

110 

22 

132 

116 

38 

154 

226 

60 

286 


a Board of Control of State Institutions, State of Iowa, 1903. 


Table 1 shows a gradual increase in inmates of the industrial 
schools from 1891 to 1903. The latter part of table indicates the 
bad influence of intemperance in a moral and hereditary way upon 
and in contributing to youthful crime, showing that 120 out of 132 
reported had either an intemperate father or mother. 


Table 2.— Education , 1902-3. 



Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Read and write. 

186 

50 

236 

Read but not write. 

40 

10 

50 

Can not read or write. 





226 

60 

286 


In Table 2 the figures show that not one of the inmates of the 
reformatories was illiterate for the biennial period of 1902 and 1903; 
but there was illiteracy among the parents, there being 47 children 
whose father could not read nor write and 56 whose mother was 
illiterate. (See Table 3.) 

Out of 286, 118 were without father or without mother (Table 3), 
and 23 were left at home; that is, nearly half were without full 
parental care. 


Penitentiaries J une 30— 

Number 
under 19 
years old. 

Whole 
number 
present 
July 1. 

Penitentiaries June 30— 

Number 
under 19 
years old. 

Whole 

number 

present 

Julyl. 

1891 

96 

604 

1899. 

135 

1,145 

1893 

112 

677 

1901. 

80 

1,053 

1895 

152 

781 

1903. 

93 

887 

1897. 

151 

983 





30923—08-6 


































































































82 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Table 3. —Home life of inmates received during biennial 'period ending June 30 , 1903. 



Age at death of— 

Education of— 

Left 
Home— 

Father. 

Mother. 

Father. 

Mother. 


Under 10. 

0 

O 

15 and over. 

Under 10. 

10 to 15. 

15 and over. 

Can read and 

write. 

Can not read 

or write. 

Unknown. 

Can read and 

write. 

Can not read 

or write. 

Unknown. 

Under 15. 

After age 15. 

Boys. 

33 

21 

7 

3 


28 

14 

8 

3 

1 

177 

34 

39 

18 j 

10 

175 

27 

40 

16 

11 

22 

1 

Girls. 


Total... 







54 

10 


42 

11 

1 

211 

47 

10 

202 

56 

11 

22 

1 



Iowa Industrial School for Boys, Eldora, 1905. 
Movement of population. 

Total number admitted to school from date of opening, September 21,1868, to 


June 30, 1905.. 3,269 

Total number discharged from school from date of opening, September 21, 

1868, to June 30, 1905. 2, 830 


Total number admitted from: 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904. Ill 

July 1 , 1904, to June 30, 1905. 124 


Total for the period. 235 


Total number returned for violation of parole: 

July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904. 3 

July 1 , 1904, to June 30, 1905... 11 


Total for the period. 14 


Total number returned for violation of pardon: 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904. 1 

July 1 , 1904, to June 30, 1905. 0 


Total for the period. 1 


Whole number in school during: 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904. 631 

July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905.. 638 


Total for the period. 766 


Whole number passed out of school: 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904. 128 

July 1 , 1904, to June 30, 1905. 199 


Total for the period. 327 


Number died: < 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904. 3 

July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905... 0 


Total for the period... 3 


Number remaining in school: 

June 30, 1904.. 503 

June 30, 1905. 439 





















































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 83 

Decrease for the period: 

July 1 , 1903, to June 30, 1904 . 13 

July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905. 64 


Total for the period. 77 


Average daily population: 

July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904. 510^ 

July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905. 488f 


Total for the period. 499^ 

Ages of those admitted July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 

Seven years. 2 

Eight years. 4 

Nine years. 8 

Ten years. 17 

Eleven years. 17 

Twelve years. 24 

Thirteen years. 28 

Fourteen years. 44 

Fifteen years. 47 

Sixteen years. 42 

Seventeen years. 2 


Total. 235 


Education of those received July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 


Can read and write. 201 

Can not read and write. 34 

Total. 235 


Inmates having relatives in similar institutions. 



Father. 

Mother. 

Brother. 

Sister. 

Uncle. 

Aunt. 

Cousins. 

Industrial school. 

0 

0 

22 

4 

0 

3 

10 

School for blind. 

0 

2 

0 

0 

3 

1 

1 

School for deaf. 

0 

0 

3 

2 

9 

0 

0 

School for feeble-minded. 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Hospital for insane. 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

Penitentiaries. 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 


Nativity of those received July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 


Native born, native parents. 123 

Native born, foreign parents. 43 

Native born, mixed parents. 34 

Native born, parentage unknown. 16 

Foreign born. 12 

Nativity unknown.. 7 


Total. 235 


Parental condition of those received July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 


Orphans. 14 

Half orphans by father. 46 

Half orphans by mother. 34 

Parents living together. 90 

Parents separated. 47 

Illegitimate. 1 

Abandoned by parents. 3 


Total 


235 






























































84 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Health and 'physical condition July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 


In good health. 220 

Weak lungs. . 1 

Weak eyes. 2 

Itch. 1 

Epileptic. 2 

Catarrh. 1 

Skin disease.•. 2 

Ruptured. 

Tongue-tied. 

Weak kidneys. 

Nearsighted. 1 

Partly deaf. 1 

Total. 235 


Home life of those received. 

At death of father— 

Under 10 years. 39 

10 years and under 15.,. 12 

At death of mother— 

Under 10 years. 27 

10 years and under 15. 14 

15 years and over. 4 

Education of father— 

Can read and write. 154 

Can not read and write. 41 

Unknown. 40 

Education of mother— 

Can read and write. 166 

Can not read and write.•... 43 

Unknown. 26 

Leaving home— 

Before 15 years of age. 17 

After 15 years of age. 3 

Moral and hereditary condition of parents, July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 

Criminal fathers. 7 

Criminal mothers. 4 

Criminal both parents. 1 

Intemperate fathers. 145 

Intemperate mothers. 17 

Feeble-minded. 2 

Idiotic. 0 

Epileptic fathers. 2 

Insane mothers. 8 

Deaf.• 0 

Deaf and dumb. 0 

Blind. 3 

Parents blood relation. 0 


Offenses of inmates , July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1905. 


Against the person.. 

Against property. 

Against public order and decency 



Per cent. 

. 163 

0.6931 

. 53 

0.2255 

. 19 

0.0808 












































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


85 


KENTUCKY. 


Louisville Industrial School (1906). 
Table by numbers, etc. 



White 

girls. 

Colored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Colored 

boys. 

"W hole number admitted since opening of school. 

Number in school Aug. 31, 1905. 

1,047 

97 

24 

121 

21 

2 

1 

1 

233 

26 

11 

37 

19 

1 

3,520 

191 

108 

299 

103 

8 

1,462 

84 

50 

134 

59 

5 

1 

3 

Admitted during the fiscal year.. 

In connection with school during year.... 

Honorably released and homes furnished. 

Discharged by court. 

Unfit subjects. 

Escaped. 

2 

7 

1 

1 

179 

Died. 

United States inmate’s sentence expired. 




Number in school Aug. 31, 1900. 

96 

15 

66 



Table by ages. 



White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 

6 years. 

1 


4 


7 years. 


' 5 


8 years. 

3 


9 


9 years. 



5 

4 

10 years. 

4 

1 

8 

6 

11 years. 


1 

11 

2 

12 years. 

5 

16 

9 







White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 

13 years. 

1 

2 

12 

8 

14 years. 

5 

5 

16 

14 

15 years. 

3 

2 

18 

6 

16 years. 

2 


4 

1 






Total. 

24 

11 

108 

50 


Table by causes of commitment. 



White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 


White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 

Destitute. 

19 

5 

27 


Robbery. 



2 


Incorrigible. 

3 

2 

45 

15 

Horse stealing. 




2 

Disorderly conduct. 

2 

3 

26 

26 

Suspected felony.... 




1 

Petit larceny. 



3 

3 

Vagrancy.\_ 



3 


Crflnd laxeepy 



1 

1 






Housebreaking. 


1 

1 

2 

Total.•.... 

24 

11 

108 

50 

• 


Table by social condition. 



White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 


White 

girls. 

Col¬ 

ored 

girls. 

White 

boys. 

Col¬ 

ored 

boys. 

Lost both parents... 

8 

2 

2 

6 

Parents separated.. 

3 

3 

11 

9 

Lost their father. 

10 

2 

19 

20 

Parents living and 





Lost their mother... 

2 

1 

11 

5 

together. 

1 

3 

64 

10 

U^rl stepfather 

1 

1 

3 

7 

Mother insane. 



1 


Had stepmother. 



3 

4 
































































































































86 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


KANSAS. 


State Industrial School for Boys, Topeka, Ivans. 

Past history of 'pupils received. 



White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

From towns or cities. 

150 

59 

209 

From the country . _ _ . 

35 

4 

39 

From fairly good homes—parents living together. 

40 

7 

47 

From poor homes—parents living together . 

30 

8 

38 

From homes broken by death. 

65 

22 

87 

From homes broken by divorce. 

21 

8 

29 

From homes broken by desertion. 

10 

5 

15 

Boys having no homes. 

19 

13 

32 

Mothers dead. 

41 

13 

54 

Fathers dead. 

34 

13 

47 

Both parents dead..*. 

13 

7 

20 

Fathers intemperate. 

73 

17 

90 

Boys having used liquor,. 

28 

16 

44 

Boys having used tobacco. 

80 

34 

114 

Boys having used profane language. 

90 

40 

130 

Boys out of school for six months or more. 

75 

33 

108 

Boys having played truant from school. 

85 

35 

120 

Pecuniary circumstances (one year, 1905-6,120 homes): 

Good. 

5 

5 

Fair. 

22 

2 

24 

Poor... 

65 

26 

91 

Parents indifferent to school attendance, lOOS-'G. 

65 

25 

90 



Statistics of paroled pupils. 



White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

Boys on parole June 30.1904. 

100 

46 

146 

Paroled during the biennial period. 

155 

64 

219 

Number of paroles issued. 

169 

67 

236 

Number of boys paroled more than once. 

14 

3 

17 

Returned voluntarily. 

4 

1 

5 

Returned for violation of parole. 

21 

12 

33 

Died while on parole.. 

3 

2 

5 

Discharged from parole. 

57 

11 

68 

Homes found for homeless boys. 

36 

23 

59 

Boys on parole June 30, 1906... 

170 

84 

254 



Age of pupils when received. 


Eight years. 

Nine years. 

Ten years. 

Eleven years. 

Twelve years. 

Thirteen years. 

Fourteen years. 

Fifteen years. 

Average age of pupils when received 


White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

2 

1 

3 

4 

1 

5 

10 

8 

18 

16 

6 

22 

26 

7 

33 

38 

10 

48 

38 

14 

52 

51 

16 

67 

13| 

12! 

13 


































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

Causes for which boys are committed. 


87 



White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

Incorrigibility. 

72 

27 

99 

56 

Delinquency. 

43 

13 

Larceny. 

4 

3 

7 

Petit larceny. 

13 

9 

22 

Grand larceny. 

8 

1 

9 

7 

Burglary_'.. 

4 

3 

Burglary and larceny. 

19 

3 

22 

Vagrancy and larceny. 

1 

0 

1 

Vagrancy. 

8 

2 

10 

Vagrancy and incorrigibility. 

3 

0 

3 

Incorrigibility and immorality. 

1 

0 

] 

Assault.’.’. 

2 

1 

3 

Manslaughter in fourth degree. 

1 

• 0 

1 

Felony. 

1 

0 

1 

Attempted rape. 

0 

1 

1 

Destruction of property. 

2 

0 

2 

Obstructing railroad. .1. 

1 

0 

l 

Disturbing~the peace. 

2 

0 

2 


-1- 


MAINE. 


State School for Boys, South Portland, Me., 1906 . 
Ages of all when committed. 

7 years. 

8 years. 

9 years. 

10 years 

11 years 

12 years 

13 years 


5 

09 

98 

220 

277 

396 

456 


14 years. 

15 years. 

16 years. 

17 years. 

18 years. 

19 years. 


Facts connected with the moral condition of the boys when received. 


Whole number received... 
Have intemperate parents 

Loso father. 

Lost mother. 

Relatives in prison. 

Step parents. 


2,615 

881 

816 

654 

335 

491 


Idle. 

Much neglected... 

Truants. 

Sabbath breakers 

Untruthful. 

Profane. 


Disposition of those discharged since opening of the school. 


Discharged on expiration of sentence 

Discharged by trustees. 

Indentured to— 

Barber. 

Blacksmith. 

Boarding mistress. 

Boilermaker. 

Cabinetmaker. 

Carpenters. 

Cooper. 

Farmers. 

Harness makers. 

Laborers. 

Lmnbermen. 

Machinists. 

Manufacturers. 

Mason. 


223 

731 


1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

13 

1 

287 

3 

9 

3 

5 

2 

1 


Indentured to—Continued. 

Miller. 

Sea captains. 

Shoemakers. 

Tailors. 

Tallow chandler. 

Allowed to leave on trial... 

Allowed to enlist. 

Illegally committed. 

Remanded. 

Pardoned. 

Finally escaped. 

Violated trust. 

Died. 

Delivered to courts. 

Returned to masters. 


Offenses for which committed. 


Larceny. 

Truancy. 

Common runaway. 

Vagrancy. 

Assault, and assault and battery 

Felonious assault. 

Vagabondage. 

Forgery and uttering. 

Violation of postal laws. 

Cruelty to animals. 


1,626 

294 

162 

112 

102 

1 

5 

1 

1 

5 


Violation of city ordinance. 

Malicious mischief. 

Drunkenness. 

Breaking and entering. 

Shop breaking. 

Idle and disorderly. 

Cheating by false pretenses 

Common pilferer. 

Arson. 

Other offenses. 


490 

487 

92 

19 

4 

2 


1,658 
907 
1,140 
992 
2,053 
1,908 


1 

5 

14 

3 
1 

1,026 

19 

19 

64 

15 
81 
49 
49 
24 

4 


2 

93 

3 

67 

19 

18 

17 

19 

14 

54 


Nativity of all committed. 

Foreigners. ^78 

Born in United States. 

Nativity not known. 41 















































































































88 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Lyman School For Boys (Westboro, Mass.). 

The following table gives some results of the work of the Lyman 
School For Boys after leaving the institution: 


Table 1. 



1893. 

1896. 

1897. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

Doing well.. 1 . 

P. ct. 
0. 42 

P.ct. 
0. 46 

P. ct. 
0.53 

P. ct. 
0.58 

P. ct. 
0. 61 

P. ct. 
0.69 

P. ct. 
0.60 

P.ct. 

0.60 

P. ct. 
0. 58 

P. ct. 
0. 70 

P. ct. 
Off. 62 

P. ct. 
a 0.63 

Not doing well. 

.03* 

.35 

.02 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.05 

.07 

Have been in other penal 
institutions. 

.35 

.30 

.31 

.22 

.22 

.24 

.22 

.29 

.16 

.12 

.11 

Out of the State. 

.01* 

.04 

.02 

.08 

.01 

.07 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.08 

.08 

Tifist. t.rflelr r»f 

.23 









Doing well nt lfist account 

.09 

. 07 

.02* 

.03* 

• 04§ 

.06 



.08 

.05 

.01 

.10 

Not doing well at last ac¬ 
count 


.05 

.04 

.02* 



.02 

.05 

.12 

.11 










a The falling off from the 70 per cent doing well in 1904 is accounted for by the larger number in 1905 
and 1906 who have left the State or whose whereabouts are unknown, and whose conduct is thus 
unclassified. 


The Lyman School receives boys under 15 years of age who are 
committed to its care by the courts. About one-quarter are com¬ 
plained of b}^ their parents for stubbornness, which may mean a very 
hard record. 

As this is one of the institutions where special effort has been made 
to keep account of inmates after they leave, Table 1 invites careful 
examination. About 60 to 70 per cent do well who leave the insti¬ 
tution. 

Table 2 shows the per cent of foreign parentage to be greater than 
that of American parentage. The age at which most inmates are 
received is 14 (Table 3). Larceny, stubbornness, and burglary are the 
chief causes of commitment (Table 4). 


Table 2. —Nativity of 'parents of boys committed during the past ten years. 



1897. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906 (14 
months) 

Fathers born in the United States .. 

16 

8 

8 

16 

18 

20 

23 

21 

14 

26 

Mothers born in the United States.. 

15 

28 

21 

15 

19 

19 

8 

22 

20 

L2 

Fathers foreign born. 

12 

25 

18 

12 

17 

17 

8 

19 

16 

14 

Mothers foreign born. 

11 

10 

17 

16 

15 

14 

24 

19 

12 

27 

Both parents born in United States. 

23 

31 

27 

36 

47 

52 

48 

32 

46 

53 

Both parents foreign bom. 

34 

56 

47 

90 

83 

80 

71 

74 

89 

95 

Unknown. 

34 

45 

44 

11 

14 

17 

17 

18 

23 

31 

One parent unknown. 

32 

33 

36 

13 

1 

22 

13 

29 

12 

15 

Per cent of American parentage. 

31 

27 

25 

30 

35 

37 

36 

30 

32 

32 

Per cent of foreign parentage. 

37 

40 

39 

60 

54 

40 

50 

52 

53 

51 

Per cent unknown. 

32 

33 

36 

10 

11 

14 

14 

18 

15 

17 


Nativity of boys committed during the past ten years. 


Born in United States. 

103 

146 

130 

142 

158 

167 

153 

155 

171 

200 

Foreign born. 

20 

33 

37 

30 

24 

26 

18 

23 

18 

25 

Unknown. 

1 

5 

1 

1 

3 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

















































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table 3. —Age of boys when committed , in part. 


89 


Age. 

Totals. 

Age. 

Totals 

Six. 

5 

Fourteen 

2 151 

Seven. 

26 

Fifteen 

1000 

Eight. 

125 

Sixteen 

*536 

Nine. 

257 

Seventeen 

182 

Ten. 

532 

Eighteen and over 

17 

Eleven. 

816 

Unknown .. 

44 

Twelve. 

1,229 


Thirteen. 

1,762 

Total 

8,682 





Table 4. —Offenses for which boys were committed during fourteen months. 


Assault. 5 

Attempted arson. 1 

Breaking and entering. 48 

Burning building. 2 

Habitual absentee and school of¬ 
fender. 4 

Larceny. 81 

Molesting the m‘echanism of a rail¬ 
road train. 2 

Stubbornness. 55 

Taking team. 4 


Vagrancy. 7 

Unlawful appropriation. 2 

Kinging false fire alarm. 1 

Violating rules of truant school. 2 

Idle and disorderly. 1 

Malicious mischief. 1 

Delinquent child. 9 

Breaking glass. 1 

Total. 226 


Table 5. —Showing the average time spent in the institution for the past ten years. 


Months. 

1897 . 21.00 

1898 . 19.90 

1899 . 20.40 

1900 . 19.27 

1901 . 20.25 


Months. 

1902 . 19.53 

1903 . 19.03 

1904 . 20.36 

1905 . 20.39 

1906 (14 months). 17. 05 


Table 6. —Showing weekly per capita cost of the institution for ten yesrs. 



Gross. 

Net. 


Gross, j 

Net. 

1897. 

$4.72 

$4.66 

1902. 

$4.54 

$4.47 

1898. 

4.52 

4.49 

1903. 

4.74 

4.72 

1899. 

4.39 

4.36 

1904. 

4.90 

4.87 

1900. 

4.73 

4.70 

1905. 

4.63 

4.61 

1901. 

4.47 

4.45 

1906 (14 months). 

4.90 

4.84 




STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL (MASSACHUSETTS), 1906. 


Table showing the conduct of the 95 girls who passed out of custody within the past fourteen 

months. 


Living respectably_ 

Having behaved badly 

Conduct unknown. 

Conduct not classified.. 


66, or 69 per cent 
14, or 15 per cent 
10, or 11 per cent 
5, or 5 per cent 


Table showing technical causes of 126 commitments within the past fourteen months. 


Stubbornness a . 60 

Stubborn and disobedient. 1 

Stubborn and disobedient and lar¬ 
ceny. 1 

Delinquency. 8 

Wayward child. 2 

Lewd, wanton, and lascivious. 2 

Leading idle and vicious life. 3 

Fornication. 1 


Idle and disorderly. 8 

Gommon night walking. 3 

Drinking. 1 

Forgery. 1 

Larceny. 29 

Breaking and entering and larceny. 1 

Vagrancy. 1 

Runaway. 3 

Habitual school absentee. 1 


a The charge of stubbornness and delinquency may cover any offense, from the 
least serious to the most serious. The complaint of stubbornness can be made by 
the parent only. 






































































































90 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Table showing ages of 126 girls committed within the past fourteen months. 


10 years. 1 

11 years. 2 

12 years. 12 

13 years. 11 


Average age, 15 years 5 months 27 days. 


14 years. 20 

15 years. 48 

16 years. 31 

19 years a . 1 


Table showing domestic conditions of the 126 girls committed within the past 

fourteen months. 


Both parents at home. 52 

Mother at only home. 30 

Father only at home. 18 

Mother and stepfather at home. 7 

Father and stepmother at home. 6 

Both parents dead. 3 

One dead, one whereabouts unknown. 4 

Whereabouts of both unknown. 4 

Lived with other relatives. 10 

No home. 3 

Temperate fathers or stepfathers. 23 

Intemperate fathers or stepfathers.... 62 

Been in penal institutions. 11 

Grossly immoral fathers. 4 

Fathers guilty of incest. 3 

Brother guilty of incest. 1 

Temperate mothers or stepmothers.... 62 
Intemperate mothers or stepmothers.. 17 

Been in penal institutions. 6 

Grossly immoral mothers. 18 

Families on associated charities’ rec¬ 
ords. 31 

No woman in the home.:..... 3 


Mother or woman in charge of the 


home worked out.43 

Girl previously worked in mill, factory, 

or stor'p. 53 

Worked at housework or caring for 

children. 26 

Worked in boarding house, hotel, or 

restaurant. 3 

Worked for dressmaker.. 1 

Worked in greenhouses.‘. 1 

Helped at home. 3 

Attended school. 24 

Committed as under the average of 

intelligence... 16 

Ran away from home just previous to 

commitment. 59 

Been under the care of the State 

board of charity. 22 

Been under the charge of homes or 

societies. 27 

Been on probation from the courts.... 19 
Been in court before. 8 


Table showing the cause for return to the school during the last seven years^ 



1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906.c 

Change of place, visit, 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

illness. 

28 

0.32 

37 

0.37 

56 

0.50 

54 

0.46 

57 

0. 41 

51 

0. 39 

44 

0.36 

Unsatisfacto r i n e s s, 

larceny, perjury, 
running away. 

27 

.31 

20 

.31 

31 

.28 

23 

.20 

38 

.28 

39 

.30 

26 

.22 

Danger of unchaste 

conduct. 

11 

.12 

14 

.14 

14 

.13 

17 

. 14 

16 

.12 

15 

.11 

16 

.13 

Unchaste conduct.... 

22 

.25 

28 

.28 

11 

.10 

23 

.20 

27 

. 20 

27 

.20 

35 

.29 


88 


99 


112 


117 


138 


132 


121 












a Real age ascertained from birth records in England. 

b Counting each individual under most serious cause for return during each year, 
c Fourteen months. 












































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 91 

Table showing conduct o f all girls who had, each year, been in the care of the school for one 
year or more, including those who had -passed out of custody during that year. 



1891-1896. 

1896- 

1901. 

1901-1906. 

1904-5. 

1905-6.° 

LIVING RESPECTABLY. 











I. No longer in the care of the State: 











Attained majority (married), living 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

No. 

P. ct. 

respectably. 

69 


69 


105 


18 


26 


Attained majority (unmarried), liv- 






ing respectably. 

94 


113 


165 


40 


34 


Died, conduct has been good... . 

4 


2 


9 



2 


Honorably discharged. 

8 


21 


26 


2 


4 










Total. 

175 

0. 71 

207 

0.62 

305 

0. 70 

60 

0. 68 

66 

0.69 


II. In care of but no longer maintained 











by the State: 

Married, living respectably. 

146 


137 


183 


37 


41 


Unmarried, with friends./.. 

161 


204 


282 


43 


57 


At work in other families. 

569 


716 


661 


135 


137 


At work elsewhere. 

2 


1 


31 


5 


8 


Attending school, paying their way 

37 


25 


36 


7 


2 










Total. 

915 

.68 

1,083 

.56 

1,193 

.54 

227 

.50 

245 

.56 

Total no longer maintained and liv- 

ing respectably. 

1,090 

.69 

1,290 

.57 

1,498 

.57 

287 

.53 

311 

.58 


CONDUCT BAD OR DOUBTFUL. 











I. No longer in the care of the State: 











Attained majority (married), in 











prison or elsewhere... 

22 


13 


15 


6 


4 


Attained majority (unmarried), in 








prison or elsewhere. 

17 


41 


48 


10 


10 








Total. 

39 

.16 

54 

.16 

63 

. 14 

16 

.18 

14 

.15 


II. Still in care of State, under 21: 











Married.. 

21 


14 


25 


7 


5 


On probation with friends or at 








large. 

8 


21 


19 


5 


1 


Recalled to school for serious fault 









and remaining. 

43 


48 


76 


10 


22 


In penal institution. 

43 


58 


21 


4 


2 


Were in prison, now discharged.... 



3 


18 


4 


4 


In hospital through their own mis- 










conduct. 

28 


27 


22 


4 


6 











143 

. 11 

171 

.09 

181 

.08 

34 

.07 

40 

.08 

Total conduct bad or doubtful. 

182 

.12 

225 

.10 

244 

.09 

50 

.09 

54 

.09 

CONDUCT NOT KNOWN. 











I. No longer in the care of the State: 











Married. 

9 


11 


11 


4 


b 2 


Unmarried. 

14 


32 


40 


5 


c 8 











23 

.10 

43 

.13 

51 

.12 

9 

.10 

10 

.11 

II. Still in the care of the State: 











Married. 

5 


43 


39 


6 


<*13 


On probation with friends, out of 







New Rngland . 



55 


51 


14 


e 14 


Runaways from the school, homes 







or places. 

89 


110 


139 


30 


/ 30 










94 

.07 

208 

.11 

229 

.10 

50 

.11 

57 

.13 

Total conduct unknown. 

117 

.07 

251 

.11 

280 

.10 

59 

.11 

67 

.13 

REMAINDER, WHOSE CONDUCT FOR OB- 











VIOUS REASONS NOT CLASSIFIED. 











I. No longer in the care of the State: 











Of age or discharged, unfit, defect- 





18 






ivp ; or insanp . 

7 


25 



3 


4 


THprl nf>wr on probation 



3 


















Total . 

7 

.03 

28 

.09 

18 

.04 

3 

.03 

4 

.04 


— 






a 1905-6 includes fourteen months. 

J> Last report, conduct good, 1; bad, 1. 
c Last report, conduct good, 6; bad, 2. 
d Last report, conduct good, 0; bad, 0. 
e Last report, conduct good, 0; bad, 2. 

/ Last report, conduct good, 12; bad, 9; good when ran away, bad later, 6; were never on probation,3. 






















































































































































































92 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


Table showing conduct of all girls who had, each year, been in the care of the school for one 
year or more, including those who had passed out of custody during that year —Cont’d. 



1891- 

1896. 

1896-1901. 

1901- 

1906. 

1904-5. 

1905-6. 

REMAINDER, WHOSE CONDUCT FOR OB¬ 
VIOUS REASONS NOT CLASSIFIED— 

continued. 











II. Still in the care of the State: 

Ill, defective, or insane, in institu¬ 
tions not. ppnnl 

No. 

10 

P. ct. 

No. 

42 

P. ct. 

No. 

62 

P. ct. 

No. 

18 

P. ct. 

No. 

18 

P. ct. 

In State industrial school through 
the year 

139 


270 


377 


81 


57 


Boarding out in private families 
with schooling 

3 


63 


15 


1 




Recalled for illness or change of 
place not for serious fault, and 
remaining in t.hp sehool 

37 


92 


142 


43 


22 









Total. 

189 

. 14 

467 

.24 

596 

.27 

143 

.31 

97 

.23 

Total whose conduct is not 
classified. 

196 

.12 

495 

.22 

614 

.23 

146 

.27 

101 

.19 









Grand total 

1,585 


2,261 


2,636 


542 


533 










Table, showing, in the light of their offense before commitment, the status at 21 years of all 
girls who passed out of custody in specified years, excepting the nonclassified class. a 

NUMBERS. 




Number. 


Living respectably. 

Conduct bad or 
doubtful. 

Conduct not 
known. 

Record at com¬ 
mitment. 

1896-1901. 

-O 

7 

1 

1905. 

fO 

1 

1896-1901. 

1901-1906. b 

1905. 

1906. b 

1 

rH 

<i 

05 

00 

i-H 

1901-1906. b 

1905. 

-O 

cp 

o 

05 

rH 

1896-1901. 

1901-1906 .b 

1905. 

1906. b 

Immoral conduct. 

199 

250 

43 

51 

129 

176 

29 

37 

46 

43 

10 

8 

24 

31 

4 

6 

Danger of im¬ 
moral conduct.. 

81 

78 

25 

16 

58 

66 

22 

13 

11 

8 

1 

3 

12 

4 

2 


Stubbornness,lar¬ 
ceny, drunken¬ 
ness, etc. 

90 

91 

17 

23 

68 

66 

9 

16 

14 

10 

5 

3 

8 

15 

3 

4 

Total. 

370 

419 

85 

90 

255 

308 

60 

66 

71 

61 

16 

14 

44 

50 

9 

10 


PERCENTAGES. 


Immoral conduct. 
Danger of im- 

0.54 

0.60 

0.50 

0.57 

0.65 

0.70 

0.67 

0.73 

0.23 

0.17 

0.23 

0.16 

0.12 

0.12 

0.09 

0.12 

moral conduct.. 
Stubbornness, lar- 

.22 

.19 

.29 

.18 

.72 

.85 

.88 

.81 

.14 

.10 

.04 

.19 

.15 

.05 

.08 

.... 

ceny, drunken- 

















ness, etc. 

.24 

.22 

.20 

.26 

-.75 

.73 

.53 

.70 

.15 

.11 

.29 

.13 

.09 

.16 

.17 

.18 


Total. 





.69 

.74 

.70 

.73 

.19 

.15 

.19 

.16 

.12 

.12 

.10 

.11 







a Not classified because found to be feeble-minded, or very dull, or insane and therefore unfit for the 
school or for placing. 
t> 1906 includes fourteen months. 


















































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


93 


MICHIGAN. 


Industrial School For Boys. 


Cause of commitment. 


Larceny.4,779 

Grand larceny. 79 

Burglary. 19] 

Burglary and larceny. 65 

Assault and battery. 358 

Assault. 29 

Attempt to murder. 3 

Vagrancy. 401 

Malicious trespass. 100 

Truancy. 785 

Arson. 37 

Rape. 6 

Boarding railroad trains. 14 

False pretenses. 16 

Careless use of firearms. 6 

Manslaughter. 6 

Horse stealing. 32 

Forgery. 17 

House breaking. 3 

Defacing buildings. 10 

Breaking locks. 1 


Disorderly. 221 

Truant and disorderly. 1,421 

Profane language. 11 

Drunkenness. 16 

Robbing United States mail. 4 

Violating local option law . 1 

Obstructions on railroad.. .•. 11 

Juvenile disorderly. 236 

Embezzlement. 2 

Carrying concealed weapons. 5 

Malicious destruction of property.. 51 

Cruelty to horse. 3 

Receiving stolen property. 4 

Indecent exposure. 1 

Attempt to poison. 1 

Delinquent. 8 

Highway robbery. 1 

Returned. 738 


Total. 9,671 


Average number of months boys have remained in the institution. 


Year. 

Months. 

Year. 

** 

1860-61. 

28§ 

324 

31 

284 

22 

27 

20 

304 

32J 

304 

324 

32f 

30 

27f 

30 

314 

25f 

29 

21f 

284 

24 

194 

21 

1883-84 . 

1861-62. 

1884-85... 

1862-63. 

1885-86 

1863-64. 

1886-87 

1864-65. 

1887-88 . 

1865-66. 

1888-89 .. 

1866-67. 

1889_90 . 

1867-68. 

1890-91 

1868-69. 

1891-92 . 

1869-70. 

1892-93... 

1870-71. 

1893-94. 

1871-72. 

1894-95. 

1872-73. 

1895-96 . . 

1873-74. 

1896-97 .. 

1874-75. 

1897-98... 

1875-76. 

1898-99. 

1876-77. 

1899-1900. 

1877-78.:_ 

1900-1901 .. 

1878-79. 

1901-2. 

1879-80. 

1902-3. 

1880-81. 

1903-4. 

1881-82..'. 

1904-5. 

1882-83. 

1905-6.•.. 




Months. 


23 

22 

23 

26 

26 

22i 

23| 

234 

224 

22 

19 

.18 

18 § 

19 * 

20i 

19 

21 

234 

244 

231 

231 

241 

23| 


Age of boys received. 


Age. 

1904-5. 

1905-6. 

10 years. 

30 

25 

11 years. 

43 

35 

12 years. 

57 

50 

13 years. 

53 

87 

14 years. 

76 

98 

15 years. 

60 

90 

16 years. 

1 

2 

Total. 

320 

387 




















































































































94 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Industrial Home for Girls, 1904-1906. 
Cause of commitment during the past two years. 


Causes. 

Number. 

Disorderly conduct . 

78 

Prostitution . 

57 

Grand larceny. 

1 

Petit larceny . 

15 

Feloniously stealing. 

8 

Willfully wayward and unmanageable.. 
Truancy. 

11 

14 

Vagrancy ..•. 

1 

T.ounging on .streets. 

19 

Frequenting saloons. 

6 

Drunk and disorderly. 

5 

Assault and battery. 

2 


Causes. 

Number. 

Incorrigibility. 

7 

Attempt at suicide. 

Using indecent, immoral, obscene, and 

3 

profane language. 

1 

Indecent exposure of person. 

1 

Gross lewdness and lascivious behavior 
Unlawfully, maliciously, and wantonly 

1 

unhitching a horse. 

1 

Delinquency. 

6 

Total. 

237 


Arrested in houses of illfame. 

Had been inmates of State public school at Coldwater. . . 

Had been in orphan asylums, House of Good Shepherd, and other institutions 

Had been mothers. 

Habit of drinking to intoxication. 

Born out of wedlock. 

Had been married. 

Born in houses of illfame. 

Addicted to the use of morphine, cigarettes, and tobacco. 


55 

8 

63 

8 

79 

12 

2 

3 

3 


Total 


237 


Age of girls 


7 years. 1 

8 years. 6 

9 years. 11 

10 years. 59 

11 years. 69 

12 years. 149 

13 years. 300 


'hen received. 


14 years. 436 

15 years. 613 

16 years. 555 

17 years. 5 


Total. 2,204 


Nativity of girls entered during the past two years. 


Nativity. 

Number. 

Nativity. 

Number. 

United States. 

47 

Poland. 

8 

Canada. 

43 

Finland. 

1 

England 

5 

Sweden. 

4 

Scotland . 

4 

Denmark. 

1 

I reland . 

3 

Syria. 

1 

France. 

2 

Unknown. 

91 

rrcrmfmy 

20 



Holland. 

6 

Total. 

237 

Austria. 

1 




Parentage of girls entered during the past sixteen years. 


Social condition. 

Father. 

Mother. 

Both. 

Total. 

Divorced. 




666 

Intemperate. 

653 

165 

85 

818 

Half orphaned. 

262 

338 


600 

Orphaned. 



108 

108 

Prostitute. 


235 


235 

Deserted by . 

153 

85 

49 

238 

Criminal. 

44 

34 


78 

Insane.*. 

8 

22 


30 

Epileptic. 

3 

5 


8 

Feeble-minded. 

4 

9 

2 

13 

Suicide. 

9 

6 


15 

In prison. 

32 

15 


47 

In county house. 

7 

6 


13 



























































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


95 


NEW JERSEY. 


NEW JERSEY STATE HOME FOR BOYS. 


Commitment and release of boys. 


Year. 

Com¬ 

mitted. 

Released. 

1867. 

26 


1868. 

39 

2 

1869. 

35 

29 

1870. 

48 

38 

1871. 

53 

58 

1872. 

98 

62 

1873. 

113 

89 

1874. 

120 

116 

1875. 

68 

78 

1876. 

74 

80 

1877. 

84 

82 

1878. 

101 

97 

1879. 

85 

117 

1880. 

105 

140 

1881. 

86 

1882... 

130 

97 

1883. 

130 

143 

1884. 

87 

156 

1885. 

108 

150 

1886. 

120 

147 

1887. 

90 

172 




Year. 

Com¬ 

mitted. 

Released. 

1888. 

108 

126 

1889. 

144. 

122 

1890.,. 

122 

190 

1891. 

136 

219 

1892. 

94 

143 

1893. 

118 

136 

1894. 

114 

165 

1895... 

117 

161 

1896. 

125 

169 

1897. 

91 

152 

1898. 

148 

155 

1899. 

119 

164 

1900. 

118 

173 

1901. 

109 

137 

1902. 

131 

163 

1903. 

167 

165 

1904. 

146 

169 

1905. 

223 

239 


Total. 

4,130 

4,801 



The excess in number of those released is accounted for by some boys having been returned and 
released more than once. 


Age when committed (1905). 


7 years. 1 

8 years. 3 

9 years. 11 

10 years. 17 

11 years. 28 

12 years.. 25 


13 years. 32 

14 years. 48 

Over 15 years. 54 

Over 16 years. 4 

Total. 223 


Home influence and moral condition (1905) 


Parents separated. 11 

Have lost fathers. 42 

Have lost mothers. 39 

Have lost both. 24 

Have stepfathers. 15 

Have stepmothers. 22 

Have intemperate fathers. 30 

Have intemperate mothers. 9 

Have used intoxicants. 1 


Have never used intoxicants. 222 

Have used tobacco. 137 

Have never used tobacco. 86 

Boys never arrested before. 82 

Boys arrested once before...141 

Number of Protestants received.100 

Number of Catholics received. 112 

Number of Hebrews received. 6 

Never attended any church. 5 



























































































96 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


NEW YORK. 


As this reformatory is one of the best known, a brief resume of the 
report for 1906 is given, and, as far as practicable, in the words of the 
report itself. 

New York State Reformatory at Elmira. 

Demeanor record for year ending September 30, 1906. 



Population 
at end of 
month. 

Perfect in de¬ 
meanor dur¬ 
ing entire 
month. 

Per cent. 

October, 1905. 

1,439 

997 

0.693 

November, 1905. 

1,454 

1,019 

1,062 

1,075 

1,222 

.701 

December, 1905. 

1,480 

.717 

January, i906. 

1,499 

.717 

February, 1906. 

1,525 

1,531 

1,541 

.801 

March, 1906. 

1,179 

.770 

April, 1906. 

1,156 

.750 

May, 1906. 

1,436 

1,210 

.842 

June, 1906.. 

1,438 

1,378 

1,309 

1,315 

1,194 

.830 

July, 1906. 

1,111 

.806 

August, 1906. 

1,124 

.859 

September, 1906. 

1,101 

.837 


Average. . 



.777 





Only about 22 per cent were subjects in any way for disciplinary 
measures. 

The population is divided into three grades. A newcomer enters 
the second grade, from which by good records he may advance to the 
first and by bad records fall back to the third. His record is made up 
of three kinds of monthly markings, viz, “Trade,” “School of letters,” 
and “Demeanor.” The last-mentioned covers his every action not 
included in the other two. 

Failure to attain a certain per cent in trade and school and demeanor 
makes a month imperfect, and only perfect months count for advanc- 
ment. 

Six perfect months in the second grade entitle him to advancement 
to the first grade and six perfect months in the first grade make him 
eligible to be considered for parole. 

Two imperfect months in succession make him liable to reduction 
to the grade below, and one serious demeanor offense may cause 
reduction even from the first to the third grade. After reduction the 
climb upward begins over again. 

Each citizen officer in the place carries printed slips, as follows: 


N. Y. S. REFORMATORY. 
Demeanor report of first class. 


FINE 

$ 


Time-. Date --, 1906. Cons. No. 

-. Reporting officer,-. 

Absent without excuse. Insolence to officer. 

Assault or fight. Larceny. 

Crookedness. Licentiousness. 

Disobedience of orders. Lying. 

Damaging State property. Malicious disturbance. 


—. Grade-. Name, 

Malicious mischief. 
Malingering. 

Profanity or vulgarity. 
Threatening. 


Check off the offense in above list and in explanation give details as to time, place, 
etc., and if information is furnished by inmate officer, give name and number. 
Explanation . 































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


97 


Demeanor report of second class. 


Altering clothing. 
Assumption of authority. 
Arms not folded at proper 
time. 

Carelessness. 

Clothing not in proper order. 
Communicating by signs. 
Dilatory. 

Disorderly conduct. 
Exchanging library book 
with other inmates. 


Inattention. Sleeping dressed. 

Laughing and fooling. Shirking. 

Light burning at improper Talking. 


time. 

Not rising at recitation. 
Not properly equipped. 
Not at door for count. 
Out of place. 

Poor work. 

Quarreling. 

Spitting. 


Untidiness. 

Unmilitary bearing or con 
duct. 

Utensils not in proper 
place. 


Check off the offense in the above list, etc. 


If the reporting officer observes any misconduct or if a report of 
misconduct, which he believes well founded, is made to him by an 
inmate officer, he checks the offense on the proper slip and adds an 
explanation below. 

If the report is first class, the accused is at once arrested and taken 
to the guardhouse, where he remains pending the investigation and 
disposition of the matter by the disciplinary officer. This may be 
only a few hours; it is never more than a few days. 

Second-class reports are investigated without a preliminary arrest. 
A regular trial is given on all first-class reports. The statement of 
the accused is taken down in writing, as is also the testimony against 
him and any that is available in his favor. Then the disciplinary 
officer disposes of the matter by discharging the prisoner or imposing 
a fine. A single first-class report sustained by the disciplinary officer 
or four second-class reports make a month imperfect. 

An appeal lies to the superintendent and from him to the board of 
managers. 

Neither time nor trouble is spared to make these investigations 
thorough and impartial. 

Many of these reports would seem rather trivial to any one outside 
the institution. Nothing of the kind is of slight importance there, 
for in the little world in which these persons live the rules of the insti¬ 
tution takes the place of the supreme law of the land. By teaching 
them to obey these rules without question, implicitly and habitually, 
without regard to whether they deem them important or unimpor¬ 
tant, reasonable or unreasonable, they are trained to obey the laws of 
the State when they get outside. The following table shows the 
number of such reports: 

Reports issued during year ending September 30, 1906. 



Reports. 



First 

class. 

Second 

class. 

Total. 

October 1905 . 

272 

2,355 

2,627 

2,534 

2,621 

November 1905- .. 

279 

2,255 

December 1905 T -- . 

210 

2,411 

January 1906 . 

233 

2,309 

2,542 

February, 1906. 

207 

2,315 

2,522 
2,823 

March 1906 . 

216 

2,607 

April, 1906..- -.. 

215 

2,459 

2,674 

May, 1906. 

199 

2,283 

2,482 

June 1906. 

227 

2,076 

2,303 

July ’ 1906 . 

265 

2,263 

2,528 
2,459 

August, 1906. 

217 

2,242 

September, 1906. ....... 

180 

1.994 

2,174 



. 

2,720 

27,569 

75 

30,299 

Average per day....... 





30923—08-7 





























98 CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

It will be seen that the number of first-class reports only aver¬ 
aged seven a day in an average population of 1,453. This means 
that only one-half of 1 per cent of the population did anything serious 
enough to send them to the guardhouse. Hardly enough to be 
appreciated in the general life of the place. 

Those in the first and second grades are indiscriminately engaged 
in the military, trades school, school of letters, and the other activ¬ 
ities of the institution. The third grade, however, is confined in a 
wing shut off by itself. When a prisoner drops into the third grade 
he disappears entirely from the sight of the general population, and 
thus ceases to exett a contaminating influence by his example. His 
cell is not inferior to the one he occupied before. His food, served 
in his cell, is the same as that supplied to the second grade. He has 
no society, however, but that of his own kind and nothing to do but 
scrub the floor, darn socks, and repair clothes. There is an abun¬ 
dance of this occupation. Thirty days of perfect behavior secures 
his release and restoration to the bottom of the second grade. Thirty 
days is enough for most of them, and they emerge much subdued in 
spirit, with a new appreciation of the enjoyment to be derived from 
participation in the general work of the institution. 

Reduction to third grade during year ending September 30, 1906. 



Total 

number 

reduced. 

Restored 

after 

30 days. 

Restored 

after 

45 days. 

Restored 

after 

60 days. 

Restored 

after 

90 days. 

October, 1905. 

33 

32 

1 



November, 1905.. 

31 

25 

6 



December, 1905. 

32 

29 

2 


1 

January, 1906. 

29 

29 




February, 1906. 

21 

18 

3 



March, 1906. 

37 

37 




April, 1906. 

44 

41 

3 



May, 1906. 

16 

16 




J une, 1906. 

27 

25 


2 


July, 1906. 

17 

16 



1 

August, 1906. 

36 

30 

4 


2 

September, 1906_ 

20 

20 




Total. 

343 

318 

• 19 

2 

4 


It will be seen from the above table that reduction to this grade 
averaged less than one a day and that over 90 per cent of those re¬ 
duced got out again in the minimum time. 

This quarantining of the third grade has exerted a beneficial in¬ 
fluence on the moral health of the institution. 

There is still a lower depth to which a prisoner can go. The 
most serious class of offenses, like assaults or attempts to escape, or 
misbehavior in the third grade, are dealt with in a summary manner 
by solitary confinement in the “seclusion” cells. 

These cells are not dark in the ordinary prison sense and their 
occupants are not put in irons. 

With an average of nearly 78 per cent perfect in demeanor,with first- 
class reports averaging only seven a‘day, third-grade reductions less 
than one a day, and commitments to seclusion less than one a week 
and with the immediate removal of all serious offenders from the gen¬ 
eral population, the reformatory as a whole has been so quiet and 
orderly that the punitive kind of discipline was so nearly out of sight 
and out of mind that both officers and prisoners have been free to 






































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


99 


devote almost exclusive attention to the other kind of discipline — 11 ‘in¬ 
struction in arts, sciences, correct sentiments, morals and manners, 
and due subordination to authority,’’ with resultant u education, cul¬ 
tivation, and improvement.” 

The underlying principle of this system is very simple. A com¬ 
munity of men can not live together unless each individual respects 
the person and property of the others. Those sent to Elmira have not 
done so—they have stolen or committed assaults, so they are excluded 
from their fellows for an indefinite period till they can learn to live as 
others do. Reformatory officials are employed to teach them this. 

The reformatory community has its own code of laws much simpler 
than the penal code, but the underlying principle is still the same. 

The prisoner on his introduction is made to understand why he has 
to be there and that the only way he can return to free life is by show¬ 
ing such ability to live orderly, peaceably, and honestly under institu¬ 
tional restraints as to render it probable that he will hereafter live 
orderly, peaceably, and honestly without them, and that, if he fails to 
submit to the laws that govern the general reformatory population, by 
an application of the same principle that brought him there he will be 
segregated still further, with the possibility, as a final result, of having 
to live entirely alone. 

His subsequent instruction and training has this one end in view— 
to teach him how to live with other men. 

The three things most essential in the management of a reformatory 
to which men come under an indeterminate sentence are: 

(a) Proper grading; keeping those of a kind together and carrying 
the principle of segregation to its logical conclusion. 

(b) Keeping the fact of the existence and the treatment of institu¬ 
tional offenses out of the minds of those not guilty of them. The 
great trouble with the ordinary criminal is that he is more readily 
influenced by the suggestion of bad conduct than by that of good con¬ 
duct. 

(c) Having fair-minded and even-tempered officers who themselves 
live the kind of clean and self-controlled lives that it is desired that the 


prisoner should attain to. 

RATIO OF PROBABLE REFORMATION ON MEN PAROLED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 
ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1906. 

Total number paroled.. fi 016 


Served well and earned absolute releases... 348 

Correspondence and good conduct maintained, the period of parole not having 

expired. 530 

Total.-. 878 

Or 86.4 per cent. 

BIOGRAPHICAL COMPENDIUM. 


These tables are compiled from information relating to 15,107 
prisoners indefinitely sentenced. 

Relating to parents of prisoners. 

HEREDITY. 

Insanity or epilepsy (in ancestry). 

DRUNKENNESS (IN ANCESTRY) 

Clearly traced. 

Doubtful. 

Temperate... 


1, 462 or 0. 0967 


4, 516 or 0. 2990 
2,100 or .1390 
8, 491 or .5620 












100 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


EDUCATION. 


Without. 2,170 or 0.1436 

Simply read and write. 5, 390 or . 3568 

Ordinary common school. 6, 796 or . 4498 

High school or more. 751 or . 0498 


Relating to prisoners themselves. 

EDUCATIONAL. 


Without. 

Simply read and write 

Common school. 

High school or more... 


2, 289 or 0.1508 
6, 754 or . 4470 
5, 409 or .3580 
655 or . 0440 


INDUSTRIAL. 


Servants and clerks 
Common laborers... 
Mechanical work... 
Idlers. 


3, 239 or 0. 2144 
8, 543 or . 5655 
2, 589 or . 1713 
736 or . 0488 


NOMINAL RELIGIOUS FAITH OR TRAINING. 


Protestant. 

Roman Catholic 

Hebrew. 

None. 


6, 099 or 0. 4037 

7, 075 or .4683 
1,670 or .1105 

263 or .0175 


CHARACTER OF ASSOCIATIONS. 


Not good. 14, 227 or 0. 9417 

Doubtful. 482 or .0319 

Good. 398 or .0264 


NATURE OF OFFENSES. 


Against property.•. 13, 549 or 0. 8968 

Against person. 1,425 or .0943 

Against the peace. 133 or .0089 


AGE OF ADMISSION. 


Between 16 and 20 
Between 20 and 25 
Between 25 and 30 


8,088 or 0. 5354 
5,445 or . 3604 
1,574 or .1042 


Condition of prisoners observed on admission. 

PHYSICAL. 


Debilitated or diseased 
Somewhat impaired 
Good health. 


807 or 0.0534 
2,084 or .1379 
12, 216 or .8087 


MENTAL. 


Deficient. 336 or 0.0222 

Fair.. 2, 634 or .1744 

Good. 11,474 or .7595 

Excellent. 663 or .0439 


SPECIAL STATISTICS. 


The following statistics have been secured from the physical exami¬ 
nation of 5,000 inmates who have been admitted to the institution 
from November 3, 1900, to September 22, 1906, inclusive: 


Average age. 

Average height.. 

Average weight.. 

Alcohol, intemperate 


20| years. 
5 feet 5^ inches. 

131f pounds. 
2, 735 or 0. 5470 






































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 101 

Tobacco: 

Smoke. 3, 850 or 0. 7700 

Chew. 900 or . 1800 

Drugs: 

Opium. 60 or .0120 

Cocaine. 12 or .0025 

Morphine. 50 or .0100 

Heredity: 

Tuberculosis. 911 or . 1823 

Insanity. 263 or .0525 

Epilepsy. 231 or .0462 

Venereal diseases: 

Gonorrhoea. 1, 608 or . 3216 

Chancroids. 306 or .0612 

Syphilis. 323 or . 0650 

Venereal warts. 40 or .0080 

Bubo (nonspecific). 125 or . 0250 

Injuries and disabilities. 885 or . 1750 

Inguinal hernia. 130 or . 0260 

Present symptoms—scabies. 112 or .0225 

Miscellaneous diseases and symptoms. 950 or . 1900 

Father living. 3,150 or . 6300 

Mother living. 3, 480 or .6960 

Orphans. 673 or .1346 

Heart, organic disease. 170 or .0340 

Lungs, tubercular. 875 or . 1750 

Eyes defective. 675 or . 1350 

Hearing defective.4. 281 or .0562 

Teeth poor. 2, 050 or . 4100 

Mental condition defective. 1, 500 or . 3000 

General physical condition: 

Poor. 1, 331 or . 2662 

Fair. 3, 063 or .6125 

Good. 606 or .1212 

New York Catholic Protectory, Westchester, N. Y. (1906). 

The cases of 567 boys discharged about one year ago were investi¬ 
gated. There were— 

Doing well. 331 

Doing fairly well... 23 

Doing poorly. 3 

Doubtful.... 52 

Returned to the protectory. 54 

Committed to other institutions. 29 

Dead. 2 

Not found. 73 

Total. 567 


under training, discharges frequently must be made to parents or 
guardians living in bad surroundings, therefore it is not strange that 
the children sometimes relapse into their former state. The move¬ 
ment inaugurated to look after children discharged from institutions, 
to keep in touch with them and to encourage them in every possible 
way that they may persevere in good methods of life, will aid greatly 
institutions and confer untold benefit upon the children. 








































102 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Statistics of the New York Catholic Protectory. 
Received during the year ending September 30, 1906. 



Men 
over 21. 

W omen 
over 21. 

Boys 
16 to 21. 

Girls 
16 to 21. 

Boys 

5 to 16. 

Girls 

5 to 16. 

Boys 
2 to 5. 

Girls 
2 to 5. 

To¬ 

tal. 

By judicial commitment—for des¬ 
titution . 





6 

10 

2 

4 

22 

By judicial commitment—for de¬ 
linquency . 



11 

1 

1,909 

145 

12 

14 

2,092 

Received from superintendents of 
the poor and other poor-law 
officers. 



101 

13 

14 

6 

134 

Received from parents and guar¬ 
dians—boarders. 



10 


118 

27 

9 

4 

168 

Received free. 



1 

1 

9 

1 

1 

1 

14 

Otherwise received. 

1 


18 

10 

148 

16 


4 

197 





Total. 

1 


40 

12 

2,291 

212 

38 

33 

2,627 




Discharged during the year ending September 30, 1906. 


Men 
over 21. 


Women Boys 
over 21. 16 to 21. 


Girls 
16 to 21. 


Boys 
5 to 16. 


Girls 
5 to 16. 


Boys Girls 
2 to 5. 2 to 5. 


To¬ 

tal. 


Children placed in homes—placing 

out bureau... 3 

Children sentto St. Philip’s Home. 

Returned to parents or guardians. 

Left without permission. 

Transferred to other institutions. 

Otherwise discharged. 1 1 

Out of State. 

Died. 


Total. 1 4 


57 

12 

128 

19 

5 

12 

2 

1 


236 


26 103 

65 

40 1,681 

1 29 

1 76 



115 

19 

2 


2,090 


22 


133 15 

1 . 

10 4 

25 13 

4 1 


195 


33 


211 

77 



2,001 

50 

97 

181 

26 

3 


2,646 


New York Juvenile Asylum (1905). 
Statistics of the families of children admitted. 


Families in private houses. 7 

Families in flats. 40 

Families in tenements. 128 

Families in rear tenements. 8 

Families with no homes. 19 

Father working. 125 

Mother working. 45 

Both parents working. 23 

Neither working. 15 

Supported by women only. 30 

Both parents living. 112 

Both parents dead. 10 

Father dead. 39 

Mother dead. 35 

Father sick. 8 

Mother sick. 6 

Parents separated: 

With father. 8 

With mother. 9 

Stepfather. 11 

Stepmother. 8 

Length of time of parents in United 
States: 

Less than 5 years. 8 

Less than 10 years. 9 

Less than 20 years. 40 

Less than 30 years.. 50 

Life. 75 


Number of rooms to one family: 

2 rooms. 10 

3 rooms. 64 

4 rooms. 76 

5 rooms. 30 

6 rooms. 25 

$5 rent. 10 

$10 rent. 39 

$15 rent. 50 

$20 rent. 28 

Houses: 

Clean, in good repair. 70 

Clean, in poor repair. 51 

Not clean, in good repair. 54 

Not clean, in poor repair. 25 

APARTMENTS—CLEANLINESS. 

Good. 75 

Fair. 100 

Bad. 24 

LIGHT AND VENTILATION. 

Good... 90 

Fair. 86 

Bad. 34 





















































































































103 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Statistics of families applying for discharge of children. 

[These do not include the 150 calls made by the U. II. C.l 


Conditions unchanged.214 

Conditions worse. 40 

Conditions better. 184 

CAUSE OF WORSE CONDITION. 

Less work. 15 

Sickness. 12 

Death. 13 

Total. 40 


CAUSE OF BETTER CONDITION. 


More work. 40 

Better work. 34 

Better health. 25 

Parents reunited. 10 

Stepfather. 12 

Stepmother. 10 

Children old enough to work. 53 

Total. 184 


The following are the statistics relating to children who were dis¬ 
charged to their friends in 1903, after at least a twelve months’ stay 
in the institution. 

Only children in the Borough of Manhattan have been visited. 


At school. 78 

At work. 75 

Not working. 15 

In institutions. 40 


Died. 1 

Not found. 45 

Total.254 


Of children found, 74 per cent were doing well. 


Committed, recommitments, discharged, and escapes during the years 1853 - 1905 . 


Year. 

Com¬ 

mitted. 

Recom¬ 

mit¬ 

ments. 

1 

Dis¬ 

charged. 

Escapes. 

Year. 

Com¬ 

mitted. 

Recom¬ 

mit¬ 

ments. 

Dis¬ 

charged. 

Escapes. ' 

1853. 

623 

8 

421 

33 

1880. 

577 

72 

636 

1 

1854. 

1,050 

85 

954 

137 

1881. 

670 

68 

503 

1 

1855. 

727 

101 

935 

72 

1882 . 

672 

54 

685 

4 

1856 

902 

114 

851 

104 

1883 

711 

57 

654 


1857 

741 

124 

685 

128 

1884 

653 

65 

703 


1858 . 

781 

104 

727 

121 

1885 . 

640 

70 

611 

2 

1859. 

863 

136 

613 

19 

1886 . 

649 

78 

655 

1 

1860 . 

863 

59 

816 

33 

1887 . 

698 

65 

598 

4 

1861. 

800 

47 

847 

15 

1888. 

687 

59 

668 

1 

1862 . 

957 

109 

1,008 

5 

1889 . 

638 

61 

702 

1 

1863 . 

1,160 

234 

1,105 

12 

1890. 

614 

70 

567 

2 

1864. 

888 

139 

905 

11 

1891. 

646 

72 

635 

1 

1865. 

812 

98 

795 

6 

1 1892. 

624 

71 

593 

2 

1866 . 

853 

119 

847 

3 

| 1893. 

569 

58 

548 

7 

1867 . 

922 

152 

854 

5 

j 1894. 

599 

56 

617 

7 

1868. 

854 

136 

838 

1 

1895 . 

541 

47 

633 

9 

1869. 

826 

152 

866 

3 

1896. 

692 

46 

680 

2 

1870 . 

714 

143 

717 

6 

1897 . 

916 

67 

821 

1 

1871. 

572 

112 

517 

3 

1898. 

983 

81 

959 

3 

1872 

546 

91 

536 


1899. 

905 

112 

1,096 

3 

1873 . 

581 

53 

585 

1 

1900 . 

1,073 

124 

1,160 

10 

1874. 

687 

93 

656 

1 

1901. 

1,020 

167 

920 

6 

1875. 

632 

76 

648 

1 

1902 . 

861 

134 

927 

5 

1876. 

802 

95 

652 

3 

1903 . 

644 

79 

584 

14 

1877 . 

588 

59 

576 

1 

1904 . 

758 

56 

642 

8 


588 

67 

596 

1 

1905 .. 

265 

27 

902 


10/ O-- ... 

1879. 

499 

59 

562 









































































































104 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 

Percentages of admissions. 


Year. 

Eng¬ 

land. 

Scot¬ 

land. 

Ire¬ 

land. 

Ger¬ 

many. 

France. 

Russia. 

Poland. 

Italy. 

Turkey 

and 

Syria. 

West) 

Indies. 

1853 

4. 65 

1.61 

28. 66 

5.94 

0.16 


0.32 

0.16 


0.32 

1854 

2.86 

.76 

29.33 

4.19 

.19 


.19 

.57 


.19 

1855 

3. 58 

1.38 

27. 65 

6.19 

.14 


.14 

.55 


.14 

1856 

3. 77 

.55 

21.51 

4.10 

.89 



. 11 


.33 

1857 

5 80 

54 

25. 64 

4.99 

.40 



.54 



1858 

3 59 

1 28 

22. 02 

4.87 

.51 



. 13 



1859 

3.94 

1. 62 

16. 80 

5. 56 

.35 



.81 


.12 

I860 

5 33 

1. 39 

15. 30 

4. 75 

.35 



.70 


.23 

1861 

4 62 

1. 00 

9. 62 

4. 72 

.25 



1.50 


.25 

1862 

3.34 

1.15 

7. 73 

3. 87 

.25 


. 10 

.31 



1863 

3 62 

1 29 

4.14 

2. 84 

.43 


.34 

.09 



1864 

2. 25 

.68 

2.93 

3. 04 

.23 

6. ii 

.23 

.11 

0.11 


1865 

3 20 

1.23 

3. 45 

3. 69 

.37 


. 12 

.25 



1866 

3 73 

59 

3.28 

1. 76 

. 47 


.35 




1867 

2.27 

. 11 

1.96 

3. 47 

.43 

.11 

. 11 

.32 


.11 

1868 

1 76 

23 

2.11 

2.93 

. 47 



.32 



1869 

3.15 

. 12 

1.69 

3. 75 

.24 

. 12 


.48 


.24 

1870 

3. 78 

.28 

1. 68 

3.92 

.28 

. 14 

. 14 

.28 



1871 

3. 67 

. 17 

2. 97 

5. 42 

.35 



.70 


.18 

1872 

4 94 

. 37 

3. 66 

4. 39 

.55 


. 18 

.73 



1873 

1.55 

.34 

.86 

5.68 

1.55 

.34 

. 17 

1.03 

.17 


1874 

3 20 

1. 02 

1. 89 

4. 22 

. 73 


.29 

2. 33 



1875 

3. 48 

1. 42 

2. 37 

4. 91 

2.21 


.63 

.60 



1876 

3. 86 

1. 00 

1. 62 

6.11 

.87 


.25 

1.50 



1877 

3. 74 

.34 

1. 36 

2.55 

1.19 





.34 

1878 

3. 91 

.17 

. 68 

4. 42 

.34 

. 17 


.34 



1879 

2. 33 

.36 

1.97 

.90 

.35 

.36 



.36 

1880 

1 56 

. 35 

. 35 

1. 56 

.52 


. 17 

1.04 



1881 

2. 69 

. 15 

.59 

4. 33 

. 75 


.59 

1.64 


.45 

1882 

2. 53 

.30 

.30 

5. 65 

.71 

. 45 

. 15 

4.46 


.30 

1883 

1 55 

. 14 

1. 55 

4. 36 

. 14 

.56 

.42 

6. 61 



1884. 

2.13 

. 61 

.31 

5.21 

.46 

. 15 

.61 

8.11 


. 15 

1885 

1. 40 

1.86 

1.25 

7. 34 

.31 

.31 

1.09 

6. 56 


.16 

1886 

1.08 

. 46 

. 15 

8. 47 

. 15 

1.54 

.77 

5.86 


.15 

1887. 

2.29 

. 43 

. 43 

4. 44 

.43 

.57 

1.15 

12. 04 


.72 

1888 

3. 35 

. 73 

. 44 

7. 42 

. 73 

3.06 

.87 

10.19 



1889. 

2.98 

1.45 

.33 

9. 87 

.29 

2.19 

1.16 

7.12 

.31 

.29 

1890. 

2. 48 

. 77 

.62 

9. 29 

.31 

2.17 

. 77 

16. 72 



1891 

1. 95 

. 49 

.65 

5.21 

. 49 

4. 89 

. 49 

16.12 



1892... 

3.06 

. 48 

. 64 

6.57 

. 48 

5.45 

.64 

9. 94 

1.01 


1893. 

2. 28 

1. 41 

.35 

5.10 

.53 

5. 98 

.88 

12.65 

2. 64 

.18 

1894. 

3. 34 

.33 

1.00 

6.68 


8.51 

1.17 

9. 51 

2. 84 

. 17 

1895. 

3. 33 

.74 

.55 

3. 51 

.55 

11.83 

.74 

9. 24 

.74 

.74 

1896. 

1.16 

.58 

.58 

3. 61 

.72 

9.97 

.29 

16.91 

2.02 

.43 

1897. 

. 76 

.55 

.21 

3.82 

. 44 

12. 44 

.22 

21.29 

2.62 


1898. 

2. 44 

.71 

.31 

2.34 

.31 

15. 89 

.41 

16. 90 

1.32 

.41 

1899. 

2.21 


.33 

2. 87 

. 11 

18. 78 

.22 

9. 28 

1.88 


1900. 

1.77 

. 18 

.09 

1.67 

.18 

20. 78 

.37 

3.35 

.65 

.65 

1901. 

1.78 

.09 

.39 

1.37 

.39 

16. 47 

.19 

1.47 

.29 

.29 

1902. 

1.05 

.58 

. 11 

1.85 

.23 

16. 49 


1.05 

. 11 

. 46 

1903. 

1.09 

.62 

. 15 

1.86 

. 15 

10. 87 

. 15 



.15 

1904. 

1.98 

. 13 

. 13 

1.19 


10.95 


. 13 



1905. 

.96 

. 15 

.38 

2. 64 


2. 64 

.38 

.38 



































































































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Habits when committed. 


105 



Unfortunate. 

Pilfering. 

Vagrant. 

Bad and disorderly. 

Year. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 


M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

1853. 

5 




102 

3 

1 


479 

9 

9 


8 




1854. 

90 

43 

6 

1 

257 

24 

5 

1 

392 

45 

17 

1 

108 

45 

2 

2 

1855. 

93 

53 

5 

2 

177 

13 

2 

2 

145 

20 

10 

2 

96 

25 

3 


1856. 

70 

27 

3 

2 

243 

30 

9 


182 

45 

3 

Q 

1A^ 

29 


4 

1857. 

160 

47 

7 


159 

7 

3 


88 


Q 

l 

1 ‘-ift 


Q 

i 

1858. 

171 

70 

6 

1 

120 

10 

3 


93 

10 

3 

169 

47 

O 

G 

9 

1859. 

127 

79 

5 

1 

151 

8 

6 

1 

113 

5 

7 


187 

32 

10 

4 

1860. 

129 

63 

7 

7 

111 

9 

2 

1 

166 

20 

4 


73 

11 

4 

4 

1861. 

166 

70 

9 

3 

106 

10 

6 


88 

21 

3 






1862. 

136 

74 

9 

1 

76 

6 

2 


167 

25 

9 

l 





1863. 

170 

80 

6 

4 

148 

9 

4 

2 

153 

20 

4 

l 





1864. 

139 

76 

4 

1 

84 

13 

2 


45 

9 

2 


77 


4 

3 

1865. 

135 

57 

6 

2 

75 

10 

2 

2 

52 

15 

4 

2 

44 

6 

2 

i 

1866. 

193 

72 

5 

1 

80 

5 

2 

2 

53 

9 


1 

13 

2 



1867. 

159 

66 

2 


120 

9 

1 


38 

16 





1868. 

165 

96 

4 


80 

4 



40 

7 

1 

1 





1869. 

185 

74 

4 

2 

64 

4 

4 


8 

1 


1 





1870. 

173 

62 

13 

1 

32 

6 

1 

. 

4 

1 



1 




1871. 

134 

41 

5 

3 

21 

3 

3 


7 

2 



1 




1872. 

109 

33 

5 

4 

35 

3 


1 

10 

2 



1 




1873. 

150 

43 

4 

1 

49 

8 

2 


5 

2 







1874. 

166 

65 

1 


44 

6 

1 


19 

5 







1875. 

175 

58 

2 


23 

9 



15 

4 

1 

1 

. 




1876. 

294 

90 

2 

1 

17 

5 


31 

13 



2 

* 




1877. 

129 

42 

1 

1 

15 

4 



26 

5 

3 

' 1 





1878. 

153 

66 

1 

1 

24 

2 



24 

5 

1 

1 

4 




1879. 

161 

62 

4 

2 

3 

5 

1 


10 

4 

1 






1880. 

179 

60 

1 

4 

15 

7 


. 

11 


2 

1 





1881. 

189 

80 

3 

5 

31 

i 

2 


14 

1 

2 






1882. 

162 

83 

5 

1 

26 

5 

1 


13 


1 

. 





1883. 

180 

72 

5 

4 

12 

3 

1 


18 

8 

2 






1884. 

191 

77 

7 

2 

12 

1 

1 

1 

21 

8 

4 

2 





1885. 

200 

67 

13 

7 

15 

1 


1 

18 

4 

3 






1886. 

162 

93 

11 

14 

22 

4 

2 


16 

3 

5 

1 





1887. 

190 

80 

18 

16 

25 

3 

2 

3 

20 

1 

4 

1 





1888. 

184 

88 

4 

8 

33 

6 



21 

4 

3 






1889. 

149 

(SO 

14 

9 

37 

3 

2 

1 

22 

1 

3 

1 





1890. 

141 

50 

17 

9 

31 

6 

5 


30 

1 

1 






1891. 

115 

55 

5 

3 

55 

5 

4 

4 

14 

1 

2 






1892. 

128 

57 

13 

6 

72 

4 

5 

1 

26 

2 

2 


. 




1893. 

130 

52 

8 

6 

56 

5 

5 

1 

14 

2 







1894. 

188 

76 

12 

6 

52 

5 

4 


11 

1 

2 


1 




1895. 

172 

84 

10 

5 

37 

3 1 

2 


3 




18 


1 


1896. 

203 

100 

22 

14 

27 

1 

2 


2 

1 



93 


2 


1897. 

282 

190 

23 

12 

35 




1 


1 


193 


6 


1898. 

257 

143 

14 

8 

43 

2 


1 





302 


13 


1899. 

156 

106 

9 

9 

28 

1 

1 






384 


23 


1900. 

137 

79 

12 

14 

33 

2 ' 

3 






563 

1 

25 


1901. 

135 

94 

10 

5 

74 

3 

7 

1 

9 

2 

1 


383 

5 

26 

i 

1902. 

198 

75 

10 

5 

82 

5 

4 


5 

1 



293 

2 

12 

i 

1903. 

139 

78 

13 

6 

109 

. 

3 

1 

7 

1 



77 


9 


1904. 

195 

115 

11 

7 

85 

9 

3 

1 

9 

1 

1 


77 

1 

5 


1905. 

67 

16 



40 




7 




40 








. 













Total. 

8,366 

3,739 

396 

227 

3,503 

303 

121 

28 

2,765 

368 

129 

23 

3,511 

250 

163 

23 


































































































































































































































106 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Habits when committed —Continued. 




*Beggars. 

n 

Peddling. 

Disobedient and 
truant. 

Temporary, 

witnesses. 

as 

To- 

Year. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

tal. 


M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 


1853 







7 








623 

1854 

2 






9 








1,0.50 

1855 

25 

29 





24 

1 







727 

1856 

14 

34 





29 




4 

1 



902 

1857 

17 

28 

1 




32 


1 


2 




741 

1858 

8 

34 




24 


1 


1 




781 

1859 

29 

47 

1 




45 

4 




1 

..... 

..... 

863 

I860 

29 

36 

1 




165 

11 

8 

2 





863 

1861 

14 

12 




243 

28 

13 

8 





800 

1862 

10 

20 





377 

29 

13 

2 





957 

1863 

18 

8 


1 



460 

58 

10 

4 





1,160 

1864 

1 

2 





378 

31 

2 

3 

1 




888 

1865 






349 

39 

6 

3 





812 

1866 


1 





356 

48 

8 

2 





853 

1867 

1 






443 

54 

9 

4 





922 

1868 

1 




I 

389 

42 

15 

9 





854 

1869 


1 





416 

47 

8 

7 





826 

1870 







348 

54 

12 

6 





714 

1871. 







309 

33 

7 

3 





572 

1872 







304 

28 

7 

4 





546 

1873 

1 






270 

31 

10 

5 





581 

1874 

3 

1 





315 

48 

8 

5 





687 

1875 

1 






308 

37 

4 

1 





632 

1876 

2 

4 

9 




296 

29 

12 

2 





802 

1877 

1 






316 

32 

8 

4 





588 

1878 

2 

2 





259 

33 

10 






588 

1879 

4 






265 

25 

9 

2 





558 

1880 







255 

31 

11 






577 

1881 

5 

3 

2 




280 

36 

14 

2 





670 

1882 

4 

3 

1 




304 

40 

16 

7 





672 

1883 

7 






316 

57 

21 

4 

1 




711 

1884 

6 

3 





258 

39 

17 

3 





653 

1885 

5 

5 



10 

3 

241 

27 

17 

3 





640 

1886 . 

5 

3 



5 

1 

236 

16 

30 

10 

9 


1 


649 

1887.. 

4 

2 


. 

9 

1 

241 

39 

27 

9 

1 


1 

1 

698 

1888 . 

11 



1 

8 

2 

231 

32 

35 

11 

3 

1 

1 


687 

1889 

4 

3 


1 2 

3 

225 

31 

42 

8 

' 14 

4 



636 

1890 

9 



_ 5 


269 

35 

17 

19 

1 




644 

1891 

7 



1 

2 


244 

56 

21 

18 

2 




614 

1892 . 

8 

1 



3 


227 

34 

26 

7 

1 

1 



629 

1893 

1 



. 



232 

34 

17 

6 





569 

1894. 

4 



. 

3 


186 

22 

19 

7 





591 

1895.. 

2 




2 


164 

12 

21 

5 




. 

542 

1896. 

3 




1 


177 

29 

9 

6 





696 

1897. 







143 

12 

17 






913 

1898. 





4 


165 

18 

11 

2 





988 

1899. 

5 






138 

13 

22 

10 





905 

1900. 

2 






151 

19 

26 

5 

1 




1,073 

1901. 







201 

27 

26 

10 





1,020 

1902. 

1 






130 

13 

14 

10 





'861 

1903. 







152 

17 

22 

10 





644 

1904. 







182 

21 

19 

16 





758 

1905. 







90 


1 

3 

1 




265 









. 








Total. 

276 

282 

8 

3 

55 

10 

12,174 

1,452 

699 

267 

42 

8 

3 

1 

39,195 


Unfortunate,112,728; pilfering, 3,955; vagrant, 3,285; bad, 3,947; beggars, 569; peddling, 65; disobedient 
and truant, 14,592; temporary as witnesses, 54—total, 39,195. 






















































































































































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Table 3. —Ages when committed. 


107 



8 years and under. 

9 years. 

10 years. 

11 years. 

Year. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored 


M. 

F - 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

1853. 

64 


1 


51 

4 

1 


96 

Q 

o 


11 n 

O 

1 


1854. 

97 

39 

5 

1 

77 

19 

2 


149 

21 

7 

2 

1JLU 

123 

o 

20 

1 

2 


1855. 

72 

29 

2 

1 

53 

19 

1 


103 

24 

3 


86 

19 

4 

1 

1856. 

74 

33 

3 


49 

16 



78 

17 

1 

1 

104 

90 


Q 

1857. 

23 

13 



46 

12 

1 


62 

12 

l 

1 

70 

1 e; 

7 


1858. 

37 

18 



38 

15 

1 


42 

9 

3 

66 

20 

x 


1859. 

82 

46 

3 

1 

53 

28 

3 

1 

88 

16 

4 


80 

17 

2 


1860. 

85 

42 

3 

3 

57 

19 

2 

1 

93 

19 

4 

2 

95 

18 

2 

2 

1861. 

111 

33 

6 

4 

65 

18 

11 

3 

79 

17 

3 

1 

89 

12 

3 

2 

1862. 

106 

50 

.5 


75 

19 

1 


147 

91 

A 


1 f\A 

1 fv 

A 

1 

1863. 

150 

36 

4 

2 

90 

28 

1 

2 

176 

20 

1 

4 

140 

10 

19 

4 

1 

1864. 

129 

43 

1 


86 

11 

3 


96 

15 


1 

117 

15 

1 


1865. 

104 

29 

2 

1 

78 

14 

2 


107 

17 

1 

2 

11 i 

83 

10 

14 

4 

2 

1866. 

117 

41 

1 


65 

21 


1 

83 

17 

3 


109 


9 

1 

1867. 

118 

46 

1 


88 

7 

2 

100 

15 

2 


107 

1 9 

9 

1868. 

134 

46 

1 


79 

12 

4 

2 

84 

12 

x 

l 

QQ 

IQ 

A 

9 

1869. 

132 

39 

4 

1 

76 

13 

1 


87 

16 

2 

2 

96 

li 

2 


1870. 

100 

29 

6 

1 

63 

19 

3 


86 

17 

1 

l 

74 

1 ^ 

A 


1871. 

75 

15 

1 


61 

6 

1 


80 

12 

1 

l 

7Q 

12 


i 

1872. 

60 

23 

2 


61 

8 

1 

2 

62 

4 

4 


65 

C 

9 

2 

1873. 

80 

25 

2 


48 

7 

1 


81 

10 

1 

4 

ru 

Q 

1 

1874. 

87 

35 



67 

12 

2 


74 

21 

2 

i 

68 

13 

2 

1 

1875. 

90 

36 

1 


65 

13 

l 1 


69 

11 

1 

i 

67 

10 



1876. 

117 

51 

2 


84 

22 

2 


104 

12 

2 


104 

16 

4 

1 

1877. 

67 

19 

3 


61 

9 

1 


73 

H 

1 

i 

83 

14 

1 

2 

1878. 

68 

26 

1 


52 

19 

1 


59 

21 

77 

14 

1 


1879. 

74 

37 

4 


56 

10 

4 


73 

19 

2 


71 

12 


1 

1880. 

89 

30 

1 


53 

12 

5 

1 

76 

12 

5 

2 

77 

17 

1 

2 

1881. 

86 

41 

3 

i 

78 

17 

4 

1 

74 

15 

4 

1 

82 

10 

5 


1882. 

109 

35 

7 


64 

23 

3 

1 

85 

19 

2 

2 

73 

13 



1883. 

113 

45 

6 

2 

73 

22 

2 


88 

20 

4 


78 

17 

4 

3 

1884. 

94 

38 

7 

2 

64 

26 

5 


91 

9 

6 

1 

76 

17 

4 


1885. 

105 

27 

7 

2 

64 

19 

3 


73 

10 

6 

1 

64 

14 

4 

3 

1886. 

72 

34 

5 

4 

68 

14 

10 

1 

67 

21 

3 

4 

59 

13 

0 


1887. 

98 

29 

9 

5 

76 

19 

5 

3 

75 

22 

10 

3 

62 

16 

6 

6 

1888. 

86 

33 

5 

2 

62 

15 

6 

1 

65 

12 

7 

3 

69 

19 

4 

3 

1889. 

75 

25 

8 

5 

56 

12 

7 

2 

72 

16 

8 

1 

50 

8 

7 

4 

1890. 

96 

19 

6 


48 

15 

5 

3 

58 

12 

10 

1 

84 

11 

5 

9 

1891. 

53 

28 

4 

l 

49 

17 


6 

57 

10 

6 

57 

15 

g 

4 

1892. 

67 

25 

1 

3 

46 

9 

5 


58 

8 

6 


69 

14 

4 

3 

1893. 

75 

28 

5 

5 

47 

14 

2 


52 

11 


1 

64 

8 

6 


1894. 

62 

30 

3 

2 

47 

11 

6 

1 

68 

16 

6 


55 

10 

6 

5 

1895. 

71 

38 

5 

1 

46 

12 

5 

3 

52 

10 

6 

1 

51 

10 

7 

2 

1896. 

84 

44 

9 

8 

53 

25 

3 

1 

64 

18 

5 

2 

64 

15 

4 

2 

1897. 

132 

90 

0 

2 

60 

35 

6 

4 

59 

33 

2 

2 

81 

16 

8 

1 

1898. 

126 

83 

17 

3 

62 

19 

3 

1 

89 

21 

6 

2 

82 

14 

4 

1 

1899. 

76 

54 

4 

4 

57 

20 

1 

3 

74 

12 

2 

2 

75 

11 

5 

2 

1900. 

90 

39 

3 

8 

53 

10 

3 

3 

98 

8 

7 

2 

96 

10 

8 


1901. 

86 

GO 


1 

47 

10 

3 


59 

10 

8 

1 

102 

12 

6 

2 

1902. 

98 

46 

0 

2 

38 

8 

5 

1 

66 

9 

1 

2 

84 

7 

5 

1 

1903. 

66 

40 

7 

2 

20 

8 

1 

1 

35 

5 

4 


59 

11 

3 

2 

1904. 

82 

53 

3 

2 

29 

10 

2 


43 

12 



72 

17 

7 

1 

1905 

28 

13 



15 




18 




22 





















Total. 

4,672 

1,906 

190 

82 

3,119 

802 

153 

49 

4,156 

760 

181 

60 

4,204 

713 

201 

77 
































































































































































































108 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table 3 .—Ages when committed —Continued. 


Year. 


18.53. 

1854.. 

1855.. 
1856. 

1857.. 

1858.. 

1859.. 

1860.. 

1861.. 
1862.. 

1863.. 

1864.. 

1865.. 

1866.. 

1867.. 

1868., 

1869.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 

1872.. 

1873.. 

1874.. 

1875.. 

1876.. 

1877.. 

1878.. 

1879.. 

1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 

1883.. 

1884.. 

1885.. 

1886.. 

1887.. 

1888.. 

1889.. 

1890.. 

1891.. 

1892.. 

1893.. 

1894.. . 

1895.. 

1896.. 

1897.. 

1898.. 

1899.. 

1900.. 

1901.. 

1902.. 

1903.. 

1904.. 

1905.. 


Total. 


12 years. 

13 years. 

14 years and over. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

110 


2 


104 

1 

2 


66 


1 


189 

25 

4 

1 

120 

21 

7 

1 

103 

12 

2 


91 

23 

5 

1 

88 

16 

2 

1 

67 

11 

3 

2 

126 

28 

8 

1 

120 

24 

2 

2 

108 

27 

3 

2 

79 

9 

3 

1 

112 

13 

2 


204 

46 

9 


58 

12 

4 


103 

19 

6 


242 

78 

6 

3 

95 

23 

3 


128 

18 

6 

3 

126 

28 

8 

1 

109 

17 

6 

3 

103 

15 

4 

2 

131 

20 

5 

1 

93 

16 

3 

2 

80 

17 

3 

3 

96 

21 

7 

2 

130 

18 

8 

1 

94 

14 

4 

2 

110 

17 

7 


150 

20 

6 


147 

26 

3 

1 

96 

26 

5 

2 

100 

18 

4 

1 

118 

18 

1 

2 

83 

18 

4 

3 

117 

20 

5 

1 

90 

8 

3 

3 

86 

15 

3 

1 

109 

13 

6 

1 

105 

11 

1 

1 

116 

18 

2 


139 

17 

1 

3 

101 

18 

1 

2 

108 

29 

2 


99 

19 

1 

1 

97 

22 

4 


99 

19 

3 

4 

97 

14 

3 

3 

85 

10 

4 

1 

100 

24 


3 

66 


2 

1 

78 

16 


3 

90 

20 

6 

13 

62 

10 

3 

1 

59 

5 

1 

2 

54 

17 

4 

4 

84 

8 

1 

2 

65 

10 

1 

7 

55 

6 

2 

1 

70 

7 

2 


72 

12 

5 

1 

71 

14 

1 

4 

80 

20 

1 

1 

80 

7 



83 

23 

3 

4 

83 

8 

1 

1 

73 

10 

3 

1 

78 

8 

1 


88 

18 

2 


77 

13 

2 

3 

62 

15 


1 

91 

11 

3 

2 

80 

10 

3 


34 

7 


1 

85 

12 

5 


77 

12 

4 


47 

6 

1 


72 

7 



67 

8 

5 

2 

29 

3 

1 

1 

69 

6 

3 


67 

13 



29 

7 


87 

19 

2 

3 

64 

14 

3 


46 

5 

4 

1 

77 

20 

3 

2 

66 

16 

3 

1 

34 

6 

1 

1 

82 

17 

7 

2 

69 

14 

5 

1 

31 

5 

i 


72 

17 

4 

4 

67 

16 

2 


23 

6 

l 

1 

69 

12 

4 

2 

70 

12 

6 

3 

44 

13 

3 


82 

10 

11 

2 

56 

14 

10 

5 

52 

13 

5 

3 

65 

14 

8 

3 

68 

13 

8 

5 

46 

13 

6 

5 

72 

16 

7 

1 

70 

21 

7 

5 

67 

17 

7 

5 

75 

18 

9 

1 

56 

12 

8 , 

2 

69 

14 

14 

4 

66 

7 

4 

10 

62 

9 

7 : 

2 

72 

19 

3 

10 

73 

10 

4 

3 

60 

16 

7 

7 

90 

21 

5 

5 

77 

7 

7 

4 

54 

12 

11 

2 

94 

24 

12 

2 

73 

10 

5 

2 

63 

10 

4 

4 

59 

12 

8 

1 

75 

14 

2 


76 

9 

6 

2 

62 

14 

8 

3 

71 

10 

4 

1 

50 

8 

2 


57 

11 

5 

2 

68 

9 

5 

3 

64 

9 

6 

2 

109 

11 

3 

2 

100 

16 

6 

1 

79 

7 

' 9 

2 

144 

5 

9 


130 

10 

.1 

1 

108 

8 

7 

1 

174 

8 

11 

2 

112 

9 

4 ' 

1 

103 

2 

22 

4 

215 

12 

16 

3 

144 

6 

14 

2 

120 

8 

9 

1 

286 

20 

22 

3 

132 

10 

10 

3 

102 

12 

14 

3 

274 

17 

29 

7 

107 

5 

2 

1 

101 

5 

9 1 

4 

215 

16 

18 

5 

75 

5 

ill 

1 

73 

9 

n 1 

3 

156 

18 

10 

8 

66 

12 

5 

4 

75 

8 

7 

3 

181 

35 

15 

14 

32 

1 



33 


1 1 


97 


2 

3 







i 





4,823 

683 

233 

85 

4,399 

651 

260 

105 

5,310 

871 

307 

143 3 


Total. 


623 

1,050 

727 

902 

741 

781 

863 

863 

800 

957 

1,106 

888 

812 

853 

922 

851 

826 

714 

572 

546 

581 

687 

632 

802 

588 

588 

558 

577 

670 

672 

711 

653 

640 

649 

698 

687 

638 

646 

614 

624 
569 
599 
541 
692 
916 
983 
905 

1,073 

1,020 

861 

644 

758 

205 


39,195 


migiit j'cais aim unuer, u,oou, y years, 4,1, 

5,415; 14 years and over, 6,631; total, 39,195. 

































































































































































109 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


Education 'previous to commitment. 


Year. 

No. 1- 

-Could read, write, and 
cipher. 

No. 2 

—Could r< 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

1853. 

16 

2 



65 

2 

1854. 

10 

3 



147 

25 

1855. 

59 

17 

2 


36 

12 

1856. 

160 

20 



53 

9 

1857. 

167 

22 

3 


21 

10 

1858. 

166 

46 

5 

2 

25 

9 

1859. 

186 

31 

4 

1 

44 

14 

1860. 

110 

14 

2 

2 

81 

14 

1861. 

72 

6 

1 


66 

18 

1862. 

176 

10 

3 

1 

55 

10 

1863. 

350 

45 

8 

5 

29 

8 

1864. 

242 

30 

1 

3 

41 

9 

1865. 

251 

45 

3 

3 

40 

7 

1866. 

280 

34 

4 

2 

52 

13 

1867. 

298 

48 

2 

2 

25 

2 

1868. 

258 

64 

9 

7 

21 

3 

1869. 

298 

38 

6 

5 

62 

9 

1870. 

204 

35 

11 

3 

48 

7 

1871. 

191 

29 

8 

2 

48 

7 

1872. 

249 

19 

3 

3 

49 

6 

1873. 

241 

31 

5 

3 

46 

13 

1874. 

251 

36 

7 

3 

86 

18 

1875. 

253 

31 

3 

1 

87 

14 

1876. 

328 

46 

7 

4 

106 

25 

1877. 

245 

36 

4 

1 

75 

14 

1878. 

275 

51 

9 


63 

14 

1879. 

263 

31 

4 

4 

53 

14 

1880. 

241 

45 

6 

3 

49 

7 

1881. 

310 

46 

14 

3 

43 

13 

1882. 

261 

59 

13 

6 

54 

10 

1883. 

267 

54 

12 

3 

56 

15 

1884. 

260 

55 

11 

4 

37 

9 

1885. 

288 

53 

21 

7 

22 

12 

1886. 

282 

61 

29 

17 

26 

4 

1887. 

285 

66 

33 

17 

25 

1 

1888. 

308 

77 

28 

15 

17 

4 

1889. 

314 

63 

38 

13 

12 

3 

1890. 

333 

57 

32 

26 

4 

2 

1891. 

315 

57 

23 

21 

1 

3 

1892 

329 

54 

40 

11 

2 


1893 

286 

48 

24 

8 

6 


1894. 

333 

57 

25 

10 

3 

2 

1895. 

296 

48 

20 

5 

14 

7 

1896. 

339 

58 

19 

11 

27 

7 

1897. 

406 

59 

32 

8 

60 

16 

1898. 

553 

48 

25 

6 

47 

16 

1899. 

554 

41 

47 

12 

33 

10 

1900. 

749 

52 

54 

9 

36 

10 

1901. 

690 

69 

67 

16 

16 

1 

1902. 

588 

51 

37 

14 

17 

2 

1903 . 

403 

52 

39 

14 

12 


1904. 

449 

92 

35 

22 

10 

2 

1905 

211 


3 

3 

4 









Total. 

15,249 

2,242 

841 

341 

2,157 

462 


Colored. 


Male. Female. 


100 


35 


\ 




own 







































































































































no 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Education 'previous to commitment —Continued. 



No. 3—Could read only. 

No. 4—Could not read. 


Year. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

Total. 


Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 


1853 

176 

2 

4 


345 

5 

6 


623 

1854. 

220 

42 

9 

2 

481 

87 

18 

2 

1,050 

1855. 

150 

38 

6 

2 

315 

75 

10 

4 

727 

1856. 

130 

45 

6 

2 

364 

92 

12 

6 

902 

1857. 

120 

32 

2 

1 

288 

56 

17 

1 

741 

1858 

113 

25 

1 


283 

91 

11 

1 

781 

1859. 

118 

27 

3 

1 

304 

104 

17 

4 

863 

1860. 

148 

26 

3 

2 

334 

96 

19 

9 

863 

1861. 

173 

37 

6 

2 

302 

81 

23 

8 

800 

1862 

268 

39 

7 

3 

267 

95 

22 


957 

1863. 

286 

53 

8 

3 

284 

69 

7 

3 

1,160 

1864. 

211 

47 

4 

1 

240 

51 

4 

2 

888 

1865. 

156 

35 

6 

2 

209 

39 

8 

3 

812 

1866. 

147 

45 

5 

1 

216 

45 

3 

2 

853 

1867. 

218 

41 

5 

1 

220 

54 

4 

1 

922 

1868 

201 

31 

5 

3 

195 

51 

6 


854 

1869. 

178 

34 

5 

3 

135 

46 

4 

2 

826 

1870. 

149 

33 

7 

1 

157 

48 

7 

3 

714 

1871 

152 

26 

4 

3 

85 

13 

1 


572 

1872.<.. 

105 

21 

3 

3 

53 

23 

4 

1 

546 

1873 

93 

13 

7 

2 

97 

26 

1 


581 

1874 

126 

30 

2 


90 

34 

2 

1 

687 

1875 

108 

27 

2 


75 

28 

1 


632 

1876 . 

102 

38 

5 


105 

33 

2 


802 

1877.. 

92 

15 

2 


79 

18 

4 

1 

588 

1878 

74 

16 

1 

1 

61 

20 

2 


588 

1879 

62 

18 

4 


65 

35 

4 


558 

1880. 

83 

17 

6 

1 

86 

29 

2 

1 

577 

1881. 

63 

21 

4 

1 

102 

41 

5 

2 

670 

1882 

67 

10 

4 


127 

52 

6 

1 

672 

1883. 

92 

28 

6 

1 

119 

43 

6 

2 

711 

1884. 

62 

18 

5 

1 

128 

47 

12 

3 

653 

1885. 

65 

12 

3 

1 

114 

30 

7 

2 

640 

1886. 

42 

.10 

9 

4 

105 

45 

8 

3 

649 

1887. 

38 

* 6 

8 

3 

142 

49 

10 

9 

698 

1888. 

40 

11 

7 

3 

126 

41 

4 

2 

687 

1889. 

27 

9 

7 

1 

100 

30 

11 

3 

636 

1890. 

26 

5 

2 

1 

123 

28 

6 

1 

644 

1891.. 

21 

2 

2 

102 

55 

7 

4 

614 

1892. 

27 

6 

4 


107 

39 

2 

3 

629 

1893. 

28 

1 

3 


113 

44 

3 

5 

569 

1894... 

13 

9 

2 


96 

36 

10 

3 

591 

1895. 

8 

3 

3 

2 

80 

41 

8 

2 

542 

1896. 

17 

8 

• 2 

1 

123 

58 

11 

8 

696 

1897. 

16 

11 

1 

1 

173 

116 

9 

3 

913 

1898. 

14 

7 

1 

157 

92 

8 

3 

988 

1899. 

7 

4 



117 

65 

3 

4 

905 

1900. 

8 

4 

1 

1 

94 

35 

6 

9 

1,073 

1901 . 

9 

5 

2 

87 

56 

1 

1,020 

1902. 

16 

3 

1 


88 

40 

1 

2 

861 

1903. 

11 

3 

4 


58 

41 

2 

1 

644 

1904.. 

19 

3 



70 

50 

4 

2 

758 

1905. 

5 

1 



25 

13 



265 







Total. 

4,900 

1,053 

208 

62 

8,411 

2,631 

370 

133 

39,195 



No. 1, 18,673; No. 2, 2,754; No. 3, 6,223; No. 4, 11,545; total, 39,195 

























































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 
Habits of parents. 


Ill 


Year. 


1853.. 

1854.. 

1855.. 

1856.. 

1857.. 

1858.. 

1859.. 

1860.. 

1861.. 

1862.. 

1863.. 

1864.. 

1865.. 

1866.. 

1867.. 

1868.. 

1869.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 

1872.. 

1873.. 

1874.. 

1875.. 
1876.'. 

1877.. 

1878.. 

1879.. 

1880.. 

1881.. 

1882.. 

1883.. 

1884.. 

1885.. 

1886.. 

1887.. 

1888.. 

1889.. 

1890.. 

1891.. 

1892.. 

1893.. 

1894.. 

1895.. 

1896.. 

1897.. 

1898.. 

1899.. 

1900.. 

1901.. 

1902.. 

1903.. 

1904.. 

1905.. 


Both 

whose par¬ 
ents were 
temper¬ 
ate. 

One or 
both whose 
parents 
were in¬ 
temperate. 

Un¬ 

known. 

Total. 

236 

331 

56 

623 

407 

446 

197 

1,050 

397 

295 

35 

727 

472 

396 

34 

902 

396 

324 

21 

741 

440 

307 

34 

781 

470 

356 

37 

863 

545 

277 

41 

863 

563 

232 

5 

800 

703 

254 


957 

913 

231 

16 

1.160 

722 

152 

14 

888 

673 

78 

61 

812 

667 

124 

62 

853 

800 

122 


922 

739 

97 

18 

854 

588 

110 

16 

714 

647 

161 

18 

826 

475 

79 

18 

572 

476 

66 

4 

546 

505 

70 

6 

581 

600 

83 

4 

687 

574 

55 

3 

032 

684 

108 

10 

802 

545 

35 

8 

588 

537 

46 

5 

588 

510 

35 

13 

558 

522 

47 

8 

577 

609 

47 

14 

670 

590 

73 

9 

672 

625 

70 

16 

711 

557 

83 

13 

653 

573 

58 

9 

640 

563 

78 

8 

649 

617 

72 

9 

098 

610 

67 

10 

687 

593 

39 

6 

638 

611 

32 

3 

646 

592 

21 

1 

614 

593 

27 

4 

624 

546 

20 

3 

569 

558 

37 

4 

599 

495 

45 

1 

541 

660 

26 

6 

692 

877 

37 

2 

916 

928 

49 

6 

983 

• 863 

35 

7 

905 

1,025 

37 

11 

1,073 

947 

55 

18 

1,020 

787 

33 

41 

861 

573 

41 

30 

644 

668 

44 

46 

758 

234 

18 

13 

265 

32,100 

6,061 

1,034 

39,195 


Total 














































































112 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Whether parents are living. 


Year. 

Both 

parents 

living. 

Father 

only 

living. 

Mother 

only 

living. 

Both 

parents 

dead. 

Un¬ 

known. 

Total. 

1853. 

230 

122 

164 

106 

1 

623 

1854. 

323 

210 

238 

185 

94 

1,050 

1855. 

275 

114 

195 

129 

14 

727 

1856. 

374 

124 

241 

152 

11 

902 

1857. 

316 

114 

185 

117 

9 

741 

1858. 

342 

114 

213 

103 

9 

781 

1859. 

396 

112 

251 

84 

20 

863 

1860. 

373 

125 

256 

90 

19 

863 

1861. 

387 

106 

228 

70 

9 

800 

1862. 

449 

141 

264 

96 

7 

957 

1863. 

557 

180 

331 

88 

4 

1,160 

1864. 

424 

121 

272 

66 

5 

888 

1865. 

367 

124 

228 

91 

2 

812 

1866. 

378 

118 

231 

123 

3 

853 

1867 

400 

151 

294 

77 


922 

1868.... 

368 

151 

256 

79 


854 

1869. 

381 

144 

227 

74 


826 

1870. 

320 

136 

205 

51 

2 

714 

1871. 

253 

95 

169 

45 

10 

572 

1872.. 

246 

94 

161 

36 

9 

546 

1873. 

232 

101 

205 

41 

2 

581 

1874. 

271 

129 

233 

44 

10 

687 

1875. 

240 

133 

205 

39 

15 

632 

1876. 

310 

178 

252 

47 

15 

802 

1877. 

202 

121 

213 

33 1 

19 

588 

1878. 

220 

117 

198 

36 

17 

588 

1879. 

189 

135 

186 

38 

10 

558 

1880. 

218 

125 

193 

33 1 

8 

577 

1881. 

280 

144 

202 

31 

13 

670 

1882. 

256 

150 

210 

41 

15 

672 

1883. . 

310 

150 

215 

25 

11 

711 

1884. 

282 

139 

194 

25 

13 

653 

1885. 

240 

153 

198 

40 

9 

640 

1886. 

273 

131 

193 

34 

18 

649 

1887. 

297 

166 

176 

51 

8 

698 

1888. 

286 

149 

193 

46 

13 

687 

1889. 

282 

116 

174 

54 

12 

638 

1890. 

330 

108 

149 

54 

5 

646 

1891. 

313 

117 

147 

30 

7 

614 

1892. 

285 

121 

168 

39 

11 

624 

1893. 

269 

114 

157 

25 

4 

569 

1894. 

291 

118 

151 

30 

9 

599 

1895. 

246 

115 

151 

28 

1 

541 

1896... 

371 

118 

160 

39 

4 

692 

1897. 

541 

128 

202 

44 

1 

916 

1898. 

686 

95 

164 

33 

5 

983 

1899. 

591 

100 

171 

36 

7 

905 

1900. 

742 

114 

180 

31 

6 

1,073 

1901.. 

648 

122 

211 

24 

15 

1,020 

861 

1902. 

547 

100 

151 

34 

29 

1903. 

370 

108 

114 

24 

28 

644 

1004. 

422 

122 

138 

39 

37 

758 

1005_ 

156 

44 

49 

11 

5 

265 




Total_ 


18,355 

6,677 

10,512 

3,041 

610 

39,195 



New York State Training School for Girls, Hudson, N. Y. 

In general, all girls between the ages of 12 and 16 convicted of any 
form of juvenile delinquency may be committed to this institution. 
Among the principal offenses enumerated in the statutes are frequent¬ 
ing the company of thieves or prostitutes, or being found associated 
with vicious and dissolute persons, willful disobedience to parents or 
guardians, intemperate habits, vagrancy, any criminal offense, beg¬ 
ging or receiving or soliciting alms, having been abandoned or improp¬ 
erly exposed or neglected by parents or other person or persons in 
parental control, being in concert saloons, dance houses, theaters, or 
places where liquors are sold without being in charge of a parent or 
guardian, playing any game of chance or skill in any place wherein 
or adjacent to which liquors are sold or given away, being employed 







































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


113 


in any illegal, indecent, or immoral exhibition or practice, collecting 
cigar stumps, bones, or refuse for market, and peddling. Moreover, 
any girl under the age of 12 may be committed in case she is convicted 
of a felony. 


AGE OF ADMISSION. 

12 years. 19 

13 years. 27 

14 years. 53 

15 years. 62 

Over 16 years. 4 

Total. 165 

OFFENSES. 

Assault, third degree.^. 1 

Assault, first degree. 1 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons. 38 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons and prostitution. 1 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons and willful disobedience. 5 • 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons and ungovernable child. 3 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons and disorderly child. 2 

Associating with dissolute and vicious persons and no proper guardianship. 2 

Disorderly child... 14 

Ungovernable child. 18 

Disorderly and ungovernable child. 5 

Ungovernable child and prostitution. 1 

Ungovernable child and no proper guardianship. 1 

Ungovernable child and desertion of home..... 1 

No proper guardianship. 24 

No proper guardianship and prostitution. 1 

No proper guardianship and truancy. 1 

Willful disobedience. 6 

Willful disobedience and prostitution. 1 

Prostitution. 2 

Frequenting houses of prostitution. 1 

Prostitution and vagrancy. 4 

Vagrancy. 9 

Truancy. 3 

Habitual and incorrigible truancy. 1 

Attempted suicide. 1 

Petit larceny. 12 

Grand larceny. 2 

Shoplifting. 1 

Total. 162 

CONVICTIONS. 

Convicted first time. 120 

Convicted second time. 10 

Convicted third time.,. 2 

Number of convictions not known. 30 

Total. 162 


EDUCATION. 

Illiterate. M 

Can read and write fairly well. 109 

Common school education. 22- 

Total. 1G2 ‘ 


30923—08-8 

















































114 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


OCCUPATION. 


Actress. 1 

Domestics. 27 

Errand girl. 1 

Farm hands. 2 

Laundry employee. 1 

Mill or factory operators. 8 

No occupation. 71 

Nurse girls.. 2 

Salesgirls. 8 

School girls. 40 

Stenographer. 1 


Total. 162 


RELIGION. 


Protestant. 95 

Catholic. 25 

Christian Scientist. 1 

Jewish. 24 

None.-. 17 

Total.162 

CONDITION. 

Single. 158 

Married. 4 


Total. 162 


OHIO. 


Boys’ Industrial School, Lancaster, Ohio. 


Per capita record. 


1865. 

1866. 
1-867. 
1868. 

1869 . 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875 . 

1876. 

1877. 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 

1884 
18 85 


. $155.95 

1886.. 

. 178.07 

1887.. 

. 158.85 

1888.. 

. 162.30 

1889.. 

. 131.15 

1890.. 

. 120.51 

1891.. 

. 121.05 

1892.. 

. 160.89 

1893.. 

. 126.16 

1894.. 

. 115.45 

1895.. 

. 125.02 

1896.. 

. 114.88 

1897.. 

. 116.06 

1898.. 

. 114.29 

1899.. 

. 133.17 

1900.. 

. 174.84 

1901.. 

. 161.07 

1902.. 

. 199.02 

1903.. 

. 169.29 

1904.. 

. 151.15 

1905.. 

. 114.22 



$122. 81 

135. 69 
140. 01 

125.39 
143. 95 
128.90 
144.64 
115. 94 
134.29 
119. 90 

114.10 

144.10 
133. 76 

145. 67 

136. 71 

146. 59 

156.40 
150. 27 
157.83 
156. 87 


Ages of boys received during the year 1905. 


9 years. 9 

10 years. 22 

11 years. 46 

12 years. 49 

13 years.... 64 

14 years.„. 79 

15 years. 85 


16 years. 51 

17 years. 18 

18 years. 10 

19 years. 6 

20 years. 5 

Unknown.. 15 


















































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


115 


Moral and social conditions, 1906. 


Parents both dead. 43 

Father dead. 85 

Mother intemperate. 8 

Father insanp. 2 

Mother dead. 87 

Parents separated.. ina 

Father living—unknown. 21 

Parents living—unknown. 5 

Has stepfather. 57 

Has stepmother. 42 

Father intemperate. 135 

Moral and social 

Parents both dead. 25 

Father dead. 88 

Mother dead. (V7 

Used profane language.245 

Used tobacco.209 

Used cigarettes. 30 

Were truants. 238 

conditions, 1905. 

Father intemperate. 110 

Father intemperate—unknown. 19 

Mother intemperate. 4 

Parents living—unknown. 9 

Has stepfather... 42 

Has stepmother. 33 

Mother insane. 1 

Parents separated. 84 

Used profane language. 177 

Used tobacco. 140 

Used cigarettes. 40 

Father insane. 1 

Were truants.215 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Pennsylvania Reform School (Morganza, Pa.) 


Statement Showing the parental relations of inmates committed up to 190 A- 


Unknown. 89 

Parents dead. 1,134 

Father dead.2, 280 

Mother dead.1, 614 


Parents separated. 894 

Parents living together.3, 637 

Total.. 9, 648 


Table exhibiting offenses for which inmates were committed since 1861. 


Adultry. 1 

Arson. 10 

Assault and battery. 44 

Assault with intent to rob. 3 

Attempt to commit rape. 13 

Attempt to commit felony. 39 

Aiding prisoners to escape . 1 

Burglary and attempt robbery . . 73 

Breaking and entering. 9 

Carrying concealed weapons. 5 

Concealing bastard child. 1 

Delinquent. 48 

Disorderly conduct. 7 

Embezzlement.. 6 

Enticing minor child. 1 

Felony. 6 

False pretense. 4 

Forgery..,. 5 

Fornication. 8 

Felonious assault. 1 

Gambling. 1 

Grand larceny. 1 

Habitual drunkeness. 4 

Highway robbery. 3 

Horse stealing. 20 

Incorrigibility.1, 526 

Incorrigible and vicious conduct.. 4, 327 


Intent to commit felony. 12 

Involuntary manslaughter. 4 

Larcency. 1,009 

Larcency and receiving stolen 

goods. 26 

Malicious injury to railroads. 6 

Malicious mischief. 34 

Manslaughter. 3 

Maiming with intent to kill. 1 

Misdemeanor. 3 

Open lewdness. 4 

Prostitution. 40 

Pointing and discharging firearms. 1 

Perjury. 1 

Rape. 11 

Robbery. 2 

Riot. 1 

Receiving stolen goods. 3 

Robbing United States mail. 3 

Runaway. 1 

Sodomy. 3 

Surety of the peace. 4 

Statutory burglary..*. 5 

Vagrancy. 381 

Vicious conduct. 841 


Total. 8,475 


The inmates of this reform school consist of (1) those committed for 
incorrigible or vicious conduct; (2) for vagrancy; (3) children of vicious 
parents, incapable or unwilling to care for them; (4) boys and girls 
guilty of vice or crime due to circumstances, who are not yet hardened 
in sin and appear capable of reformation. More than one half were 
committed for incorrigible and vicious conduct. Only 37 per cent 
had both parents living. 






























































































116 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 

House of Refuge, Glen Mills, Pa. (1906.) 


DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR. 


By return to friends. 335 

By indenture. 39 

By return to court. 1 

By order of court. 1 

Discharged to find work. 6 


Discharged as unsuitable. 1 

Died. 1 

Total. 384 


Of those admitted, 116 were committed on complaint of parents, 
relatives, or guardians. 

Of those admitted, 198 had both parents living at the date of 
their commitment, 68 had lost their mothers, 80 had lost their 
fathers, 20 had lost both parents; total, 366. 

The average age when admitted to the boys’ department was 13 
years 10 months. 

Report of schools for 1906. 



Boys. 


Number in sehool January 1, 1906 . 

678 

366 


Number admitted during the yea r __ . 


Number discharged during the year ... . . 


1,044 

384 


Nnmberin sehool December.11,1906. __ . 


660 

Average daily attendance for the year. 


625 




Average time in the house of those discharged, two years five and five-twelfths months. 



Boys. 

Attainments in readings 

Education 
when ad¬ 
mitted 

Education 
when dis¬ 
charged. 

Ignorant of the alphabet. 

37 

1 

Could read easy lessons only. 

144 

6 

Could read poorly. 

83 

52 

Could read fairly. 

112 

167 

Could read well. 

8 

158 



384 

384 


Attainments in writing. 

Bo 

Education 
when ad¬ 
mitted. 

7S- 

Education 
when dis¬ 
charged. 

Could not \yrite name. 

31 

1 

Could write name only. 

50 

0 

Could write legibly. 

193 

17 

Could write fairly*.. 

104 

121 

Could write well. 

6 

245 


384 

384 























































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Report of schools —Continued. 


117 



Boys. 

Attainments in arithmetic.^ 

Education 

Education 


when ad- 

when dis- 


mitted 

charged. 

Ignorant of figures. 

59 

1 

Could cipher in addition only. 

119 

1 

Could cipher in substractioh. 

47 

32 

Could cipher in multiplication. 

71 

-16 

Could cipher in division. 

79 

141 

Could cipher in fractions. 

6 

21 

Could cipher in general arithmetic. 

3 

172 


384 

384 


a It should be remembered that a number of children remain in the house but a few days, being rejected 
as unsuitable subjects, which accounts for the little progress made by a few as shown by the above table. 


THE VISITING AGENTS. 

boy’s department. 


Inden¬ 

ture. 


Parole. 


Total. 


On January 1, 1906, there were under the care of the Department 
Of those paroled during the year. 


70 658 

39 345 


728 

384 


Making altogether 


109 


Deducting the number matured... 

Absconded. 

Returned from indenture. 

Returned by friends. 

Recommitted by courts. 

Recommitted by magistrate. 

Sent to prison. 

Sent to Huntingdon Reformatory. 
Sent to other punitive institutions 
Died. 


25 

12 

7 


1,003 

247 


1,112 


36 

10 

1 

30 

23 

2 

7 


Total. 


44 356 


Now under Visiting Agent’s care 


65 


647 


712 



Of the whole number (1,112) under the care of the Department 
during the year, 220 have been complained of. The boys committed 
to the other punitive institutions are included in this enumeration as 
well as the hoys recommitted and returned. After a careful inves¬ 
tigation 160 of the complaints were fully sustained, 57 were justifi¬ 
able in part, and 3 were without foundation (192 of those com¬ 
plained of were white and 28 colored). This shows that about 80 
per cent have done well, and about 20 per cent badly. 

girl’s department. 


Number of girls received into the house of refuge since its opening in 1828- 6,116 

Number discharged by indenture or given up to friends. 5, 991 

Remaining in the house, January 1, 1906. 125 

Admitted during the year 1906. 102 

Received from parole and indenture. 16 

Indentured or given up to friends in 1906. 47 

































































118 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES 


RHODE ISLAND. 


SOCKANOSSET SCHOOL FOR BOYS. 


Table 1 .—Number received and discharged, also the number remaining in the institution 
at the close of each year, since its opening (November 1, 1850). 


Year. 


The first year. 

The second year. 

The third year. 

The fourth year. 

The fifth year. 

The sixth year. 

The seventh year. 

The eighth year.. 

The ninth year. 

The tenth year. 

The eleventh year. 

The twelfth year. 

The thirteenth year. 

The fourteenth year. 

The fifteenth year. 

The sixteenth year. 

The seventeenth year.... 

The eighteenth year. 

The nineteenth year. 

The twentieth year. 

The twenty-first year_ 

The twenty-second year. 
The twenty-third year... 
The twenth-fourtti year.. 

The twenth-fifth year_ 

The twenty-sixth year... 
The twenty-seventh year 
The twenty-eighth year.. 
The twenty-ninth year.. 

The thirtieth year.'. 

The thirty-first year__ 

The thirty-second year.. 
The thirty-third year.... 
The thirty-fourth year... 

The thirty-fifth year. 

The thirty-sixth year_ 

The thirty-seventh year. 
The thirty-eighth year... 
The thirty-ninth year... 

The fortieth year. 

The forty-first year. 

The forty-second year... 

The forty-third year. 

The forty-fourth year_ 

The forty-fifth year. 

The forty-sixth year. 

The forty-seventh year.. 

The forty-eighth year_ 

The forty-ninth year_ 

The fiftieth year. 

The fifty-first year. 

The fifty-second year_ 

The fifty-third year. 

The fifty-fourth year_ 

The fifty-fifth year. 


Received. 

Dis¬ 

charged. 

Re¬ 

maining. 

52 

7 

45 

65 

31 

79 

91 

69 

101 

85 

80 

106 

99 

63 

142 

87 

86 

143 

129 

91 

181 

111 

111 

181 

112 

106 

187 

97 

115 

169 

128 

110 

187 

133 

116 

204 

183 

179 

208 

198 

188 

218 

153 

155 

216 

155 

164 

207 

157 

165 

199 

159 

134 

224 

184 

185 

223 

143 

134 

232 

117 

138 

211 

113 

131 

193 

133 

120 

206 

193 

149 

220 

128 

133 

215 

120 

134 

205 

153 

141 

213 

143 

118 

238 

119 

126 

231 

121 

113 

239 

158 

208 

189 

148 

199 

a 138 

194 

159 

173 

168 

177 

164 

130 

128 

169 

124 

101 

189 

158 

133 

214 

117 

131 

200 

150 

120 

230 

131 

176 

195 

151 

161 

185 

224 

174 

225 

196 

171 

250 

190 

198 

242 

196 

173 

265 

299 

280 

284 

239 

212 

311 

296 

248 

359 

274 

304 

329 

285 

279 

335 

277 

248 

364 

318 

322 

360 

320 

349 

337 

323 

331 

329 

361 

345 

345 


a Twenty girls transferred to Oaklawn School, July 13, 1882. 


DARK CELL PUNISHMENT. 

For serious infraction of rules punishment in a dark cell is resorted 
to, but only after moral suasion has been patiently tried. Twenty- 
two occasions for such punishment occurred during the year among 
the men, and five among the women, the duration of the confinement 
in the cell having averaged about nineteen and a half hours for the 
former and twenty-five hours for the latter. The offenses among 
































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


119 


the men were as follows: Impudence and laziness, 6; using profane 
and violent language, 6; throwing down tools and refusing to work, 
3; assault on an officer, 1; abusing oxen, 1; carelessness about work, 
1; attempting to escape, 3; throwing tools and behaving in a vio¬ 
lent manner, 1; writing clandestine letters, 1. The offenses among 
the women were: Assault, 1; writing vulgar notes, 1; quarreling, 1; 
writing notes to men, 1; refusing to wear stockings that had been 
darned, 1. 


SOCKANOSSET SCHOOL FOR BOYS. 

Table 2.— Cause of commitment up to present time. 


Cause.. 


Arson. 

Assault... 

Assault and battery. 

Assault with intent to kill. 

Assault with intent to commit rape 

Assault with intent to rob. 

Burglary and theft. 

B urning build ing. 

Contempt of court. 

Cruelty to animals. 

Carrying concealed weapons. 

Carnal knowledge. 

Defacing a building. 

Defacing property. 

Destroying property. 

Disorderly conduct on the street... 

Disturbing school... 

Driving off a horse and carriage_ 

Drunkenness. 

Embezzlement. 

Exposure of person. 

Forgery..'. 

Fast driving... 

Held for probation officer. 

Housebreaking. 

Housebreaking and theft. 

Housebreaking with intent to steal. 
Incorrigibility. 


1 

Total. 

Cause. 

Total. 

5 

Lewdness. 

1 

112 

Malicious mischief. 

99 

23 

Obtaining goods under false pretenses ... 

5 

3 

Obtaining money under false pretenses...’ 

5 

6 

Passing counterfeit money. 

1 

2 

Receiving stolen money or goods. 

16 

21 

Returned for cause. 

887 

13 

Returned voluntarily. 

147 

1 

Reveling. 

6 

3 

Shop-breaking. 

189 

2 

Stubbornness and truancy. 

394 

9 

Taking and using boat. 

Theft from the person.. 

3 

35 

13 

4 

Theft. 

2,510 

3 

Threatening to assault....■... 

1 

96 

Threatening to kill. 

1 

8 

Throwing stones at a train. 

3 

69 

Transferred from jail by board. 

143 

16 

To await trial.. 

1,621 

11 

Truancy (chapter 363. Public Laws). 

25 

1 

Truancy (chapter 649. Public Laws). 

706 

6 

Using profane language. 

2 

1 

Vagrancy. 

1,160 

7 

Surrendered by surety. 

2 

78 

Sturdy beggar!. 

1 

57 

False pretenses in writing. 

1 

15 

4 

Total. 

8,553 


The main cause of commitment, as indicated in Table 2, was theft. 
Vagrancy and truancy are also frequent causes of commitment. 

Table 3. —Length of time spent in the institution by those discharged. 


Time. 

Total. 

Less than one month. 

1,589 

942 

One month and less than five. 

Five months and less than ten.'. 

688 

Ten months and less than fifteen. 

816 

Fifteen months and less than twenty. 

Twenty months and less than twenty-five. 
Twenty-five months and less than thirty.. 
Thirty months and less than thirty-five... 
Thirty-five months and less than forty. 

1,208 

1,598 

476 

289 

220 


Time. 

Total. 

Forty-months and less than forty-five... 

97 

Forty-five months and less than fifty. 

71 

Fifty months and less than fifty-five. 

41 

Fifty-five months and less than sixty_ 

38 

Sixty months and more. 

78 

Error in report of 1881. 

57 

Total.. 

8,208 






























































































120 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table 4. —Disposal and employment of those discharged. 


Disposal. 


Total. 


Delivered to friends. 

Delivered to court. 

Delivered to overseer of poor. 

Discharged on expiration of sentence 

Discharged to go to sea. 

Discharged as insane. 

Died. .. 


3,867 

1,477 

10 

809 

35 

5 

40 


Enlisted in the Army. 

Enlisted in the Navy. 

Escaped, not returned. 

Escaped, absent more than one day and re¬ 
turned or retaken. 

Escaped, retaken and sent to jail under new 

sentence. 

Escaped, previouslyjretaken and sent to jail 

on alternative sentence. 

Escaped from Rhode Island Hospital, hav¬ 
ing beenynjured in attempting to escape 

from the school. 

Indentured. 


52 

13 

179 


3 

9 

1 

193 


Disposal. 


Total. 


Placed at farming. 

Placed at various trades. 

Placed at Asylum for Deaf and Dumb.... 
Sent to State workhouse and house of cor¬ 
rection. 

Sent to prison. 

Discharged on payment of fines and costs. 

Released on bail. 

Discharged by order of court. 

Discharged by order of mayor. 

Discharged by order of attorney-general.. 

Discharged by order of board. 

Discharged to probation officer. 

Placed with Children’s Friend Society. 

Transferred to jail on alternative sentence. 

Transferred to State almshouse. 

Returned to jail. 

Error in report of 1881. 


524 

115 

1 

72 

25 

2 

287 

27 

1 

14 

3 
6 
1 
6 

4 

138 

57 


Total 


8,208 


PROBATION OFFICER. 

The work of a probation officer may be best understood by the 
following report of one. 

In the court 200 boys, whose ages were from 7 to 16 years, were offi¬ 
cially intrusted to the care of the probation officer the past year. 
One hundred and fifty men, over 16 years of age, classed under the 
law as adult offenders, 50 per cent of them under 25 years of age, 
were likewise placed on probation. Forty other boys and young 
men, who were either apprehended by the police or ordered to appear 
in court, were placed in the care of the probation officer by the cap¬ 
tains of the different districts without arraignment. All the runaway 
boys arrested in various parts of the city and brought to the central 
police station pending the notification of their parents or friends 
were interviewed and their cases properly disposed of. More than 
two hundred, suspicious characters, mostly nonresidents, arrested on 
suspicion and held for investigation, were sent out of the State. 

The duties of probation officers are many and varied. They 
attend all the daily sessions of the court, talk with the prisoners, 
gain their confidence, especially those who are likely to be candidates 
for probation, and are prepared to report to the court on each indi¬ 
vidual case. When children are involved, it often happens that hav¬ 
ing convinced them that there is no sword hanging over their heads 
and winning them by kindness and encouraging words, they, for the 
first time* tell the truth in regard to the offense for which they were 
arrested, thereby obviating the necessity for trial and obtaining for 
themselves greater clemency from the court. Complaints from irate 
citizens, who demand warrants for mischievous boys, guilty of trivial, 
but often annoying, misdemeanors, are frequently considered. Unless 
the cases are flagrant, no warrant is issued until after a thorough 
investigation has been made, and a few visits to the home of the 
offender generally has the desired effect. Petitions from parents 
and guardians of incorrigible and wayward children likewise have to 
be heard and acted upon without resort to the police or the court. 

Probationers, both adult and juveniles, come to report, to seek 
advice, to consult in regard to some emergency, or to beg assistance 











































CRIMINAL#, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


121 


in securing employment. Persons apply for help, sometimes for 
boys to run errands or to work in shops or stores, or for men to work 
on farms or elsewhere, or, perhaps, they come to inquire about the 
record of a probationer who has applied for a position; in a word, 
the probation officer must be ready with wise head, sympathetic heart, 
quick judgment, and unlimited patience, to act as adviser, detective, 
friend, and manager of a bureau of employment and information, 
every day until noon and on trial days until the end of the session, 
even if it lasts well into the afternoon. The rest of the day is devoted 
to outside investigation, such as visiting the homes, looking up 
employment, consulting with parents, teachers, pastors, relatives, 
and neighbors, in gathering and putting together the materials 
for the foundation on which the child and parents must build after 
the helpful and restraining effects of probationary measures are 
removed. The home is the pivot upon which the probation officers’ 
work revolves. It is here that they meet the most discouraging prob¬ 
lems and it is here they ascertain the causes which must be removed 
and replaced by better conditions and new ideals, if they would 
look for permanent results from their efforts in behalf of their charges. 

From the home the probation officers’ field extends in all direc¬ 
tions. The}^ seek assistance and cooperate with every existing 
agency, such as boys’ clubs, playgrounds for children, public libraries, 
gymnasiums, etc. They work in harmony with the overseers of the 
poor and truant officers, and all organizations with which they come 
in contact. Finally they seek to understand the point of view, to 
share the experiences and aid in solving the vexatious problems which 
are daily presented. The results can not be calculated in figures nor 
tabulated in statistics; they shine forth gloriously in more regular 
attendance in school and church, in increased cleanliness, in smaller 
expenditures in the saloons and larger for comforts at home, in 
reunited families, in aroused ambitions, in awakened consciences, in 
clearer conceptions of duty and firmer purpose to perform it, in 
restraint of passions, and in purer and nobler lives. 

Probation Officer. 


VERMONT. 

Vermont Industrial School, Rutland, Vt. 

In Table 1 is given the cause of commitment to the school up to 
1906. Petit larceny, truancy, discipline and reform, vagrancy, 
burglary, grand larceny, and assault are the chief causes of com¬ 
mitment given in the order of their frequency. Table 2 shows that 
most commitments are made at the age of 15, the great majority 
entering between the ages of 10 and 15. 

The moral and domestic condition of inmates before committed, 
as indicated in Tables 3 and 6 is not encouraging, and it is not strange 
that children with such incomplete homes should go wrong. 

In the girls’ department the main causes of commitment have 
been larceny, truancy, unmanageableness, and gross lewdness 
(Table 4). Table 5 indicates 14 as the age at which most girls are 
committed. 


122 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


boys’ department. 


Table 1 . —Cause of commitment. 


Arson. 19 

Assault. 60 

Assault with intent to kill. 2 

Attempting to break jail. 1 

Attempting to commit rape.,. 3 

Attempting to aid escape of prisoner. 1 

Breach of peace. 58 

Breaking and entering. 13 

Brutality. 3 

Burglary. 78 

Cruelty to animals. 1 

Destruction of property. 32 

Discipline and reform. Ill 

Displacing railroad switches. 2 

Embezzlement. 1 

Forgery. 3 

Giving poison to family and horses. 2 

Grand larceny. 65 

Gross lewdness. 6 

Having firearms in possession. 1 

Table 2 .—Age 

20 years. 1 

18 years. 13 

17 years. 14 

16 years. 25 

15 years. 345 

14 years. 310 

13 years. 267 

12 years. 219 

Table 3 .—Moral and domestic 

Had lost father. 168 

Had lost mother. 201 

Had lost both parents. 60 

Had intemperate fathers. 300 

Had used tobacco. 490 


Horse stealing. 13 

Intoxication. 13 

Loitering around railroad station. 5 

Malicious conduct. 20 

Maliciously disturbing school. 13 

Manslaughter. 1 

Obtaining goods under false pretenses. 5 

Obtaining money under false pretenses. 1 

Petit larceny.... 737 

Placing obstruction on railroad. 9 

Receiving stolen property. 2 

Threatening arson. 1 

Throwing stone through car window. 2 

Truancy. 192 

Unmanageableness. 34 

Vagrancy. 89 

Violation of liquor law. 3 


Total.>. 1,602 


when committed. 

11 years. 167 

10 years. 125 

9 years. 56 

8 years. 32 

7 years. 19 

6 years. 9 


Total. 1,602 

condition before commitment. 

Had used profanity. 724 

Had not regularly attended school. 482 

Had used intoxicating drinks. 74 

Mentally deficient. 5 

Whose parents had separated. 22 


girls’ department. 


Table 4. — Cause of commitment. 


Adultery. 

Arson. 

Assault. 

Breach of peace. 

Destruction of property. 

Discipline and reform. 

Gross lewdness. 

Intoxication.... 

Larceny.‘. 

Loitering around railroad station and 
grounds. 


1 

4 

6 

10 

6 

4 

39 

4 

54 

1 


Obtaining property under false pretenses .... 1 

Placing obstruction on railroad. 1 

Prostitution. l 

Receiving stolen property. 1 

Sending obscene literature through the mail... 1 

Truancy. 52 

Unmanageable. 49 

Vagrancy. 4 

Violation of curfew. 1 

Total.:.240 


18 years 
17 years 
16 years 
15 years 
14 years 
13 years 
12 years 
11 years 


Table 5. —Showing age when committed. 


0 

2 

6 

30 

74 

37 

35 

24 


10 years 
9 years. 
8 years. 
7 years. 
6 years. 


15 

10 

5 

2 

0 

240 


Table 6. —Moral and domestic condition before commitment. 


Had lost father. 

Had lost mother. 

Had lost both parents... 
Had intemperate fathers 
Had used profanity. 


57 

48 

19 

92 

71 


Had not regularly attended school 

Had used cigarettes. 

Mentally deficient. 

Whose parents had separated. 


124 

3 

1 

2 

















































































































CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES, 


123 


WEST VIRGINIA. 

West Virginia Reform School, Pruntytown, 1905, 1906. 
Offense for which committed. 


Felony. 78 

Burglary. 0 

Larceny. 3 

Petit larceny. 0 

Grand larceny. 2 


Misdemeanor. 1 

Incorrigibility. 169 

Total. 253 


Age when committed. 


8 . 

9. 

10 . 

11. 

12 . 

13. 

14. 


5 

12 

15 

33 

33 

30 


15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 


63 

25 

26 
3 


Total. 253 


Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, Waukesha, Wis. 

Number of inmates received each year from opening of the school. 


For the year end¬ 
ing— 

Number com¬ 
mitted. 

Total 

from^ 

begin¬ 

ning. 

Number re¬ 
turned. 

Total 

re¬ 

ceived 

during 

year. 

Number present at 
close of the year. 

Whole 

number 

for 

year. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Dec. 31,1860. 

33 

7 

40 



40 

33 

7 

40 

40 

Sept. 30,1861. 

34 

7 

81 



41 

35 

5 

40 

81 

Sept. 30,1862. 

37 

3 

121 



40 

51 

4 

55 

80 

Sept. 30,1863. 

32 

10 

163 


1 

42 

59 

13 

72 

98 

Sept. 30,1864... 

74 

9 

246 



83 

117 

20 

137 

155 

Sept. 30,1865... 

85 

22 

353 

1 


108 

134 

21 

155 

245 

Sebt. 30,1866. 

45 

2 

400 

4 

3 

54 

118 

16 

134 

209 

Sept. 30,1867. 

68 


468 

4 

11 

83 

143 

12 

155 

217 

Sept. 30,1868. 

50 

3 

521 

14 

5 

72 

149 

14 

163 

227 

Sept. 30,1869. 

59 

4 

584 

5 

2 

70 

163 

13 

176 

233 

Sept. 30,1870... 

114 


698 

3 


117 

204 

2 

206 

203 

Sept. 30,1871. 

75 


773 

6 

1 

82 

237 

2 

239 

288 

Sept 30,1872 

107 


880 

1 


108 

278 



347 

Sept 30,1873 

80 


960 

4 


84 

281 



362 

Sept. 30,1874 

115 


1,075 

6 


121 

301 



402 

Sept. 30,1875 .. 

103 


1,178 

8 


111 

300 



412 

Sept 30 1876 

107 


1,285 

8 


115 

318 



415 

Sept 3o’1877 

140 


1,425 

13 


153 

364 



471 

Sept 30 1878 

151 


1,576 

12 


163 

419 



527 

Sent 30 1879 

117 


1,693 

8 


125 

431 



543 

Sppt sn’iRsn 

108 


1,801 

10 


118 

430 



549 

Sppt. 3ft 1881 

90 


1,891 

5 


95 

372 



525 

Sppt, 3ft’1882 

88 

. 

1,979 

7 


95 

299 



467 

Sept 30 1883 

95 


2,074 

8 


103 

278 



402 

Sept 30 1884 

113 


2,187 

7 


120 

297 



398 

Sprit 301885 

89 


2,276 

8 


97 

293 



394 

Spnt 30 1886 

121 


2,397 

6 


127 

325 



420 

UCU v • UVj X CUo - ....... 

Spnt 30 1887 

127 


2,524 

6 


133 

340 



461 

u Cm 1/ • uu i xuoi ........ 

Spnt 30 1888 

135 


2,659 

7 


142 

376 



483 

ucpt. ui/j x . ....... 

Spnt, 30 1889 

157 


2,817 

7 


164 

406 



540 

kj cu v . ouj xuui/ . ....... 

Spnt 30 1890 

162 


2,979 

13 


175 

423 



581 

Spnt 30 1891 

181 


3,160 

17 


198 

342 



621 

ftpnt 30 18Q2 

173 


3,333 

j 15 


188 

303 



530 

oUj iOi/*. ....... 

Spnt 30 18Q3 

184 


3,517 

13 


197 

313 



500 

DCJJt. *J\J, lOi70- ....... 

fiprif QO 1KQ4 

198 


3,715 

26 


224 

351 



537 

kJCpl/. «JU, XOi7T. ....... 

Spnt 30 1 

209 


3,924 

30 


239 

345 



590 

kjcp 1/ . OUj XOJ7U. ....... 

Qpr>t 30 18Q6 

178 


4,102 

53 


231 

328 



576 

ucp V• DU J XOC7V7 . ....... 

Spnt 30 18Q7 

169 


4,271 

43 


212 

344 



540 

Ocpi. OUj x0*7 4. 

Spnt 30 1808 

137 


4, 408 

34 


171 

305 



515 

Spnt 30 1RQQ 

134 


4,542 

26 


160 

304 



474 

Spnt 30 1000 

160 


4,702 

30 


190 

328 



498 

Spnt 30 1001 

150 


4,852 

28 


178 

330 



506 

ucp 1/ • DUj X<7Ui ........ 

Tnnp 30 1002 

122 


4,974 

21 


143 

325 



473 

cl UI1C DU , LXJyJA . ....... 

Tnnp 30 1903 

155 


5 129 

22 


177 

286 



502 

cF UIlC DU, li/UD. ....... 

June 30,1904. 

178 ; 


5,307 

43 


221 

327 



507 


This industrial school is a place of confinement and instruction of 
all boys between 10 and 18 years of age who are committed to it as 
vagrants or on conviction of any criminal offense or for incorrigi¬ 
bility or vicious conduct. 









































































































































































































124 


CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 


WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls, 1905-1906, Milwaukee. 

PROPER SUBJECTS. 

1. Girls under 18 years of age who are beggars, vagrants, rag¬ 
pickers, or wanderers, or are destitute because of orphanage or 
abandonment, or having a parent undergoing imprisonment, or 
otherwise without means of support. 

2. Girls under the above age who are found in circumstances of 
manifest danger of falling into habits of vice, etc. 

3. The form of commitment should be considered a civil rather 
than a criminal process. 

4. In addition to the girls sent by legal process, the school receives, 
boards, and teaches girls for parents or guardians, on their paying 
the same sum as is paid by the counties for those committed by the 
courts. 

PECULIAR FEATURES. 

1. The institution was founded by private charity and is under 
the control of a self-perpetuating board of managers, originally 
chosen by the contributors and corporate members and thereafter 
annually elected. 

2. It is incorporated and employed by the State for the custody, 
guardianship, discipline, and instruction of the above-named classes 
of girls, and, in default of responsible and efficient guardianship, 
treats them as its wards. 

3. The restraints of the school are parental, not punitive, as no 
child can be received as a criminal offender. Its purposes are the 
prevention of crime and pauperism, by the preservation of unfor¬ 
tunate girls, and the restoration of those who have fallen into bad 
habits or inherited vicious tendencies. 

4. The system of discipline and education is specially adapted to 
the condition and needs of the pupils. It aims to provide for each 
the instruction of a public school, systematic manual training, and 
the care and nurture of a well-regulated Christian family. Its cul¬ 
ture is physical, sanitary, educational, and truly religious, but not 
sectarian. 

Almost half of the girls are of German parentage (Table 1). This 
is local, being due to the large number of Germans in the community. 

Nearly two-thirds of the paroled girls are reported as “ doing 
well,” and, with those doing “fairly well” added, five-sixths of these 
girls are on the way to become better women. While parental rights 
are recognized, in most cases girls do best when placed among strangers, 
where they are removed from the dangers and shame of the old 
environment. 


American. 

Austrian. 

English. 

English and German... 

English and Irish. 

English and Scotch.... 
English and French.... 

French. 

French and American.. 

German. 

German and American. 
German and Dutch.... 

German and Irish. 

German and Polish.... 


Table I.— Parentage of committed girls. 


16 

1 
3 

2 
2 
1 
1 
3 
1 

42 

1 

1 

1 

1 


German and French... 
Dutch and English.... 

Irish. 

Irish and French. 

Norwegian. 

Norwegian and Danish 

Polish. 

Scotch and French. 

Scotch. 

Swedish. 

Norwegian and Irish... 

Total. 


3 

1 

2 

2 

4 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 





























CRIMINAL, PAUPER, AND DEFECTIVE CLASSES. 
Table 2. —Ages of girls paroled and dismissed. 


125 


9 years.. 

11 years. 

12 years. 

14 years, 

15 years. 

16 years 


2 

1 

3 

5 

4 

6 


17 years. 24 

18 years. 17 

19 years. 18 

20 years. 53 

Total. 133 


8 years.. 

9 years., 

10 years 

12 years 

13 years 

14 years 


Table 3. —Ages of girls when committed. 

. 1 15 years. 

. 2 16 years. 

. 3 17 years. 

. 3 

. 7 Total. 

. 14 


20 

25 

23 

98 


DISPOSAL OF THOSE DISMISSED. 


1. On leaving the school girls are given by adoption or indenture 
to the care of well-investigated families or returned to former homes 
or relatives. 

2. Except in cases of the adoption of young girls, the highest 
grade in the conduct record and at least the second class in scholar¬ 
ship must be attained before dismissal. 

3. Supervision and guardianship over those placed out are main¬ 
tained by visits and correspondence, and those not doing well are 
returned for further training or transferred to other homes at any 
time during minority. 

4. The object of the institution being the proper training and 
schooling of these girls, it is regarded as unwise and inexpedient to 
receive them for temporary shelter only, and the average detention 
thus far has been about three years. 


;o 

























LBAp’08 



























































* 












































































































































































































